1. GREEN BOOK REVIEWS – REPRODUCTION
PAGES 33-42

2. The diagram to the right represents part of a human
reproductive system.
UTERUS
One of the functions of this part of the system is to
(1) supply essential nutrients to the offspring in
the form of milk
(2) provide nutritional support for the embryo
(3) provide a structure that allows the mixing of maternal and fetal blood
(4) produce specialized proteins used in the production and release of sperm
OVARY
OVIDUCT/
FALLOPIAN TUBE
A scientist wants to change the DNA of a sexually reproducing organism and have the new DNA present in every cell of the organism. In order to do this after fertilization, she would change the DNA in the
(1) zygote
(2) placenta
(3) testes of the father
(4) ovaries of the mother
Which row in the chart to the right indicates the correct process for each event indicated?

3. When changes occur in the genes of sex cells, these changes
(1) lead to mutations in the parent organism
(2) are always harmful to the offspring
(3) can be the basis for evolutionary change
(4) only affect asexually reproducing organisms
The drinking of alcoholic beverages by a pregnant woman is harmful to the development of her fetus. This is most damaging early in a pregnancy because during this time
(1) the lungs of the fetus become functional
(2) alcohol can easily enter the mouth of the fetus
(3) many of the essential organs of the fetus are forming
(4) the fetus cannot excrete wastes
Asexual reproduction produces offspring that each contain
(1) genetic information from one parent
(2) genetic information from two parents
(3) less genetic information than either parent
(4) a unique combination of genetic information
The tranquilizer thalidomide was once prescribed for pregnant women. When this drug was used between the third and sixth week after fertilization, serious deformities in the fetus occurred as the fetus developed. State why thalidomide would have a greater effect on development when used between weeks 3 and 6 than when used in late pregnancy.
In late pregnancy, major organs are already
formed & less damage would occur.

4. Explain how smoking and drinking alcohol by males can affect the development of an embryo. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify the term used to describe a change in DNA
• state why changes that take place in a sperm cell can affect an embryo
• identify one factor, other than smoking and drinking alcohol, that may negatively affect a developing embryo
*Mutation
*Reproductive cells can pass on traits (half).
*Poor diet, toxins (drugs, chemicals, radiation,…
The ability of estrogen to affect certain cells depends directly on
(1) amino acids (3) gametes
(2) receptor molecules (4) nerve cells
The bud shown in the diagram to the right was produced by asexual reproduction.
Which process is responsible for the formation of the bud?
(1) fertilization (3) mitosis
(2) recombination (4) meiosis

5. The diagram to the right represents division of a cell
that produces two daughter cells.
Which statement most likely describes the daughter
cells produced?
(1) The daughter cells will pass on only half of the
genetic information they received from the original cell.
(2) The daughter cells will each produce offspring that
will have the same genetic information as the original cell.
(3) The daughter cells will each undergo the same mutations as the original cell after reproduction has occurred.
(4) The daughter cells will not pass on any of the genes that they received from the original cell.
The diagram below represents some stages in the life cycle of humans. The numbers in the diagram represent various processes in the cycle.
State how processes 1 and 2 affect the amount of genetic information provided by a parent to its offspring.
Parent cells (sperm & egg) carry half of the genetic information
State how process 3 affects the amount of genetic information an offspring receives.
Sperm & egg will combine so the zygote will contain a full set of chromosomes.

6. The diagram to the right shows stages of human
reproduction.
The direct result of fertilization is represented at
(1) A (3) C
(2) B (4) D
In sexually reproducing organisms, mutations can be inherited if they occur in
(1) the egg, only
(2) the sperm, only
(3) any body cell of either the mother or the father
(4) either the egg or the sperm
The number in each circle below represents the chromosome number of the cell. Which diagram represents the production of offspring by an asexually reproducing organism?

7. The arrows in the diagram below indicate the development of four different varieties of vegetable plants from wild mustard.
Each of these varieties was most likely produced as a result of
(1) asexual reproduction in the wild for many years
(2) changes in light availability
(3) competition between plants
(4) selective breeding over many generations
The sorting and recombination of genes during reproduction is important to evolution because these processes
(1) decrease variation and help maintain a stable population
(2) increase variation that enables species to adapt to change
(3) decrease the chances of producing offspring that are adapted to the environment
(4) increase the ability of all the offspring to adapt to the environment
In most mammals, the placenta is essential to the embryo for the processes of
(1) meiosis and excretion
(2) nutrition and excretion
(3) milk production and digestion
(4) blood exchange and digestion

8. A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus could cause
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus
The diagram to the right represents the human male reproductive system.
Which activity would be prevented by blockages at X and Y?
(1) transport of urine out of the body
(2) passage of testosterone to the female to stimulate egg production
(3) movement of sperm out of the body
(4) movement of testosterone to the testes to stimulate sperm production
The diagram to the right represents a process that occurs
during normal human development.
Which statement is correct regarding the cells and DNA?
(1) All the cells have identical DNA.
(2) The DNA of the fertilized egg differs from the DNA of all the other cells.
(3) The DNA of the fertilized egg differs from some, but not all, of the other cells.
(4) Only the fertilized egg contains DNA.
Essential materials needed for development are transported to a human fetus through the
(1) reproductive hormones (3) placenta
(2) egg cell (4) ovaries

9. Which statement concerning the reproductive
cells in the diagram to the right is correct?
(1) The cells are produced by mitosis and
contain all the genetic information of the father.
(2) If one of these cells fertilizes an egg, the
offspring will be identical to the father.
(3) Each of these cells contains only half the genetic information
necessary for the formation of an offspring.
(4) An egg fertilized by one of these cells will develop into a female with the same characteristics as the mother.
Some stages in the development of an organism are represented in the diagram below.
Which levels of biological organization do stages 2 and 7 have in common?
(1) cells and organs (3) tissues and organelles
(2) cells and tissues (4) organelles and cells
A chemical known as 5-bromouracil causes a mutation that results in the mismatching of
molecular bases in DNA. The offspring of organisms exposed to 5-bromouracil can have mismatched DNA if the mutation occurs in
(1) the skin cells of the mother (3) all the body cells of both parents
(2) the gametes of either parent (4) only the nerve cells of the father

10. The diagram below shows a process that affects chromosomes during meiosis.
This process can be used to explain
(1) why some offspring are genetically identical to their parents
(2) the process of differentiation in offspring
(3) why some offspring physically resemble their parents
(4) the origin of new combinations of traits in offspring
A particular species of shark normally reproduces sexually. In captivity, it was found that a female could also reproduce asexually. One negative result from asexual reproduction is
(1) increased gene recombinations
(2) increased number of males produced
(3) decreased number of eggs used
(4) decreased biodiversity within the species
Which situation involves a risk to a fetus due to the mother smoking during pregnancy?
(1) decreased digestive activity in the stomach of the fetus
(2) a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the ovary of the mother
(3) inhalation of secondhand smoke by the fetus
(4) toxins in the bloodstream of the mother

11. A reproductive system is represented in the diagram to the right.
If an injury occurred to the structure labeled A, the most likely result would be a problem with
(1) delivery of sperm
(2) production of gametes
(3) production of hormones
(4) excretion of urine
The graph to the right represents the growth of bacteria cultured at three different temperatures over a period
of 24 hours.
Which statement concerning the rate of cell division in the bacteria culture is correct?
(1) Cell division is most rapid at 37°C between 6 and 8 hours after it began.
(2) Cell division is most rapid at 25°C between 20 and 24 hours after it began.
(3) Cell division is most rapid at 18°C between 4 and 8 hours after it began.
(4) Cell division occurs at the same rate no matter what the temperature.

12. The diagram to the right represents structures found in a human female.
Which process results in the formation of
structure X?
(1) mitosis (3) recombination
(2) meiosis (4) cloning
The diagrams below illustrate types of asexual reproduction.
Which statement correctly describes the offspring?
They vary genetically from the parent
(2) They are produced by the union of gametes
(3) They obtain nourishment from a placenta
(4) They result without the union of gametes
If a chemical that interrupts cell division is added to a culture of human liver tissue, which process would stop?
(1) meiosis (3) breakdown of glucose
(2) mitosis (4) diffusion of nutrients

13. Agriculturists have developed some varieties of vegetables from common wild mustard plants, which reproduce sexually. Which statement best explains the development of these different varieties of vegetables?
(1) Different varieties can develop from a single species as a result of the recombination of genetic information.
(2) Different species can develop from a single species as a result of the effect of similar
environmental conditions.
(3) Mutations will occur in the genes of a species only if the environment changes.
(4) Variations in a species will increase when the rate of mitosis is decreased.
What normally happens immediately after fertilization in sexual reproduction?
(1) specialization of cells to form a fetus from an egg
(2) production of daughter cells having twice the number of chromosomes as the parent
cell
(3) production of daughter cells having half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
(4) division of cells resulting in the development of an embryo from a zygote
The diagram to the right represents a process that occurs during human reproduction.
The process represented by the arrow will
ensure that the
(1) zygote contains a complete set of genetic information
(2) gametes contain a complete set of genetic information
(3) zygote contains half of the genetic information
(4) gametes contain half of the genetic information

14. Effect of Secondhand Smoke on Birth Weight
The human female reproductive system is
rep resented in the diagram to the right.
Production of gametes and support of the fetus normally occur in structures
(1) 1 and 2 (3) 3 and 5
(2) 2 and 4 (4) 4 and 5
The data table below shows an effect of secondhand smoke on the birth weight of babies born to husbands and wives living together during pregnancy.
Effect of Secondhand Smoke on Birth Weight
Based on these data, a reasonable conclusion that can be drawn about secondhand smoke during pregnancy is that secondhand smoke
is unable to pass from the mother to the fetus
(2) slows the growth of the fetus
(3) causes mutations in cells of the ovaries
(4) blocks the receptors on antibody cells

15. The egg may contain one of two different types of sex chromosomes
The information in the chart to the right represents the sex chromosome arrangement in humans and birds. Sex chromosomes contain genes involved in sex determination.
In humans, it is the male gamete that is responsible for determining the sex of the
offspring. Identify which type of gamete determines the sex of the offspring in birds.
Support your answer.
The egg
Type of Gamete: _____________________________________
The egg may contain one of two different types of sex chromosomes
The diagram to the right illustrates asexual reproduction in yeast.
Yeast produce offspring that usually have
(1) genes that are different from those of the
parent
(2) genes that are identical to those of the parent
(3) half of the genetic information of the parent
(4) organelles that are not found in the parent

16. Sexual reproduction involves the processes listed to the right
Sexual reproduction involves the processes listed to the right Processes
A. Differentiation
B. Fertilization
C. Gamete production
D. Mitosis
Which sequence represents the order in which these processes occur?
(1) A → B → C → D
(2) B → A → C → D
(3) C → B → D → A
(4) D → B → C → A
A dogfish shark contains 24 chromosomes in each of its muscle cells. How many chromosomes are normally found in each of its gametes?
(1) 6 (3) 24
(2) 12 (4) 48
Which structure is correctly paired with its function?
(1) testis — produces nutrients for the offspring
(2) placenta — allows nutrients to diffuse from the mother to the embryo
(3) uterus — produces testosterone used in egg production
(4) ovary — provides a place for the internal development of the embryo
Which statement best describes the relationship between the blood of a human fetus and the blood of the mother?
(1) Their blood systems are separate only at certain times in development and connected at other times.
(2) The blood flows directly from the mother into the fetus.
(3) Their blood systems are separate and no materials are exchanged.
(4) Their blood systems are separate, but certain materials pass from one to the other.

17. The graph represents changes in the mass of a
fetus from week 8 to its birth at week 43.
Identify one factor that could cause a fetus to grow at a slower rate than that shown in the graph.
During which five-week period did the
fetal mass increase at the greatest rate?
(1) weeks 10–15
(2) weeks 15–20
(3) weeks 25–30
(4) weeks 30–35
*Faults in genes, *Poor diet, *Toxins (+ drugs/alcohol/tobacco), Disease, *multiple fetuses
Thousands of genetically identical trees have been discovered growing in a remote, undisturbed mountain area in Colorado. These trees are most likely the result of
(1) genetic engineering
(2) asexual reproduction
(3) meiotic cell division
(4) biotechnology
A large number of sperm cells are produced by males every day. This large number of sperm cells increases the chance that
(1) at least one sperm cell will be reached when the eggs swim toward the sperm cells in the ovary
(2) several sperm cells will unite with an egg so the fertilized egg will develop properly
(3) some of the sperm cells will survive to reach the egg
(4) enough sperm cells will be present to transport the egg from where it is produced to
where it develops into a fetus

18. The graph to the right shows the relative concentrations of certain hormones in the blood during the human female reproductive cycle.
Which hormone has the lowest
concentration on which day?
(1) hormone A on day 4
(2) hormone B on day 2
(3) hormone C on day 12
(4) hormone D on day 20
Identify one activity of a mother that can disrupt fetal development and explain how this
activity might affect the development of her fetus.
*ALCOHOL/DRUGS – CREATE BRAIN DEFECTS, *SMOKING – LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT, *POOR DIET – NUTRITIONAL DEFECTS, *X-RAYS – GENETIC DEFECTS
Which hormone does not directly regulate human reproductive cycles?
(1) testosterone (3) insulin
(2) estrogen (4) progesterone
Which sequence represents the order of some events in human development?
(1) zygote → sperm → tissues → egg
(2) fetus → tissues → zygote → egg
(3) zygote → tissues → organs → fetus
(4) sperm → zygote → organs → tissues

19. The list includes two processes involved in the development of a human fetus.
mitosis
differentiation
Select one process from the list and describe its role in the development of a human
fetus. In your answer be sure to:
• identify the process you selected
• state the role of this process in fetal development
• identify the organ in the mother where this process occurs
Process: __________________________________
*MITOSIS-PRODUCE MORE CELLS = FETUS GROWS
*UTERUS
*DIFFERENTIATION-CAUSES CELLS TO HAVE SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS
= FORM TISSUES & ORGANS
*UTERUS

20. The puppies shown in the photograph to the right are all from the same litter.
The differences seen within this group of
puppies are most likely due to
(1) overproduction and selective breeding
(2) mutations and elimination of genes
(3) evolution and asexual reproduction
(4) sorting and recombination of genes
An antibiotic is effective in killing 95% of a
population of bacteria that reproduce by the process shown below.
Which statement best describes future generations
of these bacteria?
(1) They will be produced by asexual reproduction
and will be more resistant to the antibiotic.
(2) They will be produced by sexual reproduction
(3) They will be produced by asexual reproduction
and will be just as susceptible to the antibiotic.
(4) They will be produced by sexual reproduction

21. amnion OVARY C PLACENTA
The human female reproductive system is
represented in the diagram to the right.
Reproduction
Complete boxes 1 through 4 in the chart below using the information from the
diagram.
amnion
OVARY C
INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT
PLACENTA
Abnormalities present in the cells that line the uterus may prevent the production of offspring by directly interfering with the
(1) development of the embryo
(2) differentiation of gametes into zygotes
(3) secretion of estrogen by the ovary
(4) production and release of egg cells