1. REVIEW: Normal Dentition & Dental Anatomy

2. Tooth Classification
Brachyodont teeth: small crown with long, well-developed roots; teeth do not continue to grow or erupt throughout animal’s life.
Ex: humans, carnivores, pigs
Diphyodonts have two sets of teeth: deciduous, then permanent.
Hypsodont teeth: long crown height and continue to erupt for most the animal’s lifetime.
Ex: horses, rodents, and lagomorphs

3. Horse: Brachyodont or Hypsodont?

4. Rat: Brachyodont or Hypsodont?

5. Dog: Brachyodont or Hypsodont?

6. Oral Anatomy Upper teeth are embedded in the maxilla.
Lower teeth are embedded in the mandible.
Rostral, upper and lower teeth are called incisors and are housed in the premaxilla, which is called incisive bone.
2nd most rostral teeth are the canine teeth, followed by the premolars and then lastly are molars (cheek teeth).
Palatine bone comprises most of the hard palate.

7. Dental Morphology
Incisors: in front of the mouth and are used for gnawing and grooming.
Canine Teeth: long and used for grasping and tearing
Premolars and Molars: are used for shearing and grinding.

8. Maxillary Arcade R

9. Mandibular Arcade R

10. Dentition Mammals show great variety in dentition
(numbers and types of teeth).
Dental formulas are used to classify the normal dentitions of different animal species.

11. Normal Dentition of Dogs and Cats
Puppies have 28 deciduous teeth.
Kittens have 26 deciduous teeth.
Eruption occurs between 3 to 6 weeks of age
Canines and incisors first
Premolars take 6 weeks; no molars!
Dogs have 42 permanent teeth.
Cats have 30 permanent teeth.
Eruption occurs between 3 to 6 months
Primary/milk

12. Puppy Teeth

13. Normal Dentition of the Dog and Cat42 30
upper
I C P M
lower

14. Tooth Morphology (Outer)
Crown- part of the tooth that is visible
in the mouth above the gum line.
Shiny enamel covers the crown of the tooth.
Hardest substance in the body.
Prevents tooth from being invaded by bacteria and acids.
If destroyed, will not re-grow.
The root is the tooth structure below
the gum line and is covered by cementum.
The tip of the root is the apex of the tooth.

15. Tooth Morphology (Inner)
Dentin- substance that composes the bulk of the tooth.
Harder than bone but not as hard as enamel.
Lies under the enamel and the cementum.
Pulp cavity is located within the central core of the tooth and contains pulp.
Pulp is composed of blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
Pulp produces dentin
Pulp chamber is the portion of the pulp cavity located in the crown.
Root canal is the portion located beneath the gum line.

16. Covers the crown Above the gum line. Below the gum line.
Very hard bone that makes
up the majority of tooth.
Above the gum line.
Within the dentin, made up
of nerves, blood vessels,
and connective tissue
Chamber
Root canal
Gingiva
Covers the root
Below the gum line.
Shock absorbing
lining; attaches
tooth to the
bony socket.
Bony socket

17. Tooth Anatomy

18. Review: Can You Name These Structures?

19. Triadan System Refers to teeth using a numeric system
100 series: Right maxillary quadrant
200 series: Left maxillary quadrant
300 series: Left mandibular quadrant
400 series: Right mandibular quadrant
Each tooth has its own predictable number
Start with the most rostral tooth and move caudal
If tooth is not present in patient, skip that number

20. Triadan System- CanineP
Tip: Canines always end in 4; the first molar always ends in 9

21. The mandibular first molar
The mandibular first molar. The X’s indicate the cervical area of the tooth.
Area between roots of multi-rooted teeth

22. Triadan System-Feline
Cats are “missing” 2 maxillary premolars & 4 mandibular premolars!
Tip: Canines always end in 4; the first molar always ends in 9

23. Dental Directional Terminology
Rostral refers to a structure that is closer to the front of the head in comparison with another structure.
Caudal describes a structure toward the back of the head when compared to another structure.
Vestibular describes the tooth surface facing the lips.
OR- Buccal if mandibular; labial if maxillary
Facial describes vestibular surface of teeth visible from the front (only used for incisors).
Lingual refers to the surface of the mandibular teeth adjacent to the tongue.
Palatal refers to the surface of maxillary teeth adjacent to the palate.

24. Dental Terminology
Mesial refers to the portion of the tooth in line with the dental arcade that is closest to the most rostral portion of the midline of the dental arch.
Distal refers to the portion of the tooth that is closest to the most caudal portion of the midline of the dental arch.
Apical refers to a portion of the tooth closer to the apex, or tip of the root.
Coronal refers to a structure within a location closer to the crown of the tooth in relation to another structure.
Occlusal refers to the part of a tooth that meets with, or occludes with, the teeth of the opposite dental arcade.
Interdental space refers to the space between each individual tooth.

25. Test yourself! 3. 1. 4. 5. 6. 2. 7. 8. 9.