2. Louis Wirth—1930s—defined a city as a permanent settlement that has three characteristics that make living in a city different from living in rural areas.
1. LARGE size
everyone in rural areas knows everyone else
in a city, residents know relatively few

3. 2. High density
people have highly specialized jobs, which allows many people to live in one place
competition for space causes some groups to be dominant and to dominate others

4. 3. Social heterogeneity
Diversity in large cities allow more anonymity
Downside is that people may be more lonely and isolated

5. Ancient city was the organizational focus of the state.
Agriculture had to be planned & controlled
Govt. collected taxes & built walls for fortification

6. Ancient cities built along rivers near productive farmland
Sites chosen for defensibility as well as along trade routes

7. First cities about 3000 B.C.E. in Southwest Asia
The rise of the earliest states coincides with the rise of the earliest cities.
B.C.E is the formative era for development of both urbanization and states

8. Function of ancient cities
Centers of
power
religion
economy
education

9. During Medieval times, mercantile cities (trade became central to city design) developed along trade routes

10. The Industrial Revolution created the manufacturing city.
Belfast

11. megacities
Tokyo, Mexico City, Seoul, New York, São Paulo, Mumbai, Delhi, Shanghai, Los Angeles, Osaka

12. Land Use Patterns
Residential-Housing (houses, apartments, condos, townhouses)
Industrial – Areas reserved for manufacturing
Commercial-Private business and buying and selling of retail products
Suburbs-areas around central city; housing, people commute into the city for work (touch the city)
Exurbs- areas outside the city with open land between
CBD-Central Business District; expensive real estate

13. Concentric Zone Model (E.W. Burgess, 1923)

14. Homer Hoyt’s (1939) Sector Model

15. Chauncy Harris & E.L. Ullman (1945) Multiple Nuclei Model

16. Infrastructure: Technical structures that support a society
Facilitates the production of goods and services, and also the distribution of finished products to markets
Facilitates basic social services such as schools and hospitals

17. Infrastructure includes:
Transport infrastructure
Road and highway networks,
Electrical systems (street lighting and traffic lights)
Mass transit systems (Commuter rail systems, subways, tramways, trolleys, City Bicycle Sharing system, City Car Sharing system and bus transportation)
Communication networks
Airports
Bicycle paths and pedestrian walkways
Water Management ; sewage management
Social Infrastructure
Health infrastructure
Government infrastructure
Economic infrastructure
Cultural infrastructure
Educational infrastructure
Security Infrastructure
Police and Fire stations

18. What else would you need in a city?
Brainstorm with your team

19. How would you promote Sustainability in your city?

20. Sustainable Ability to be maintained
Environmental: Natural resource use
Energy Efficiency
Limit pollution and waste
Social: Standard of Living
Promote Education, Health
Sense of Community
Equity

33. Sustainable Energy?

44. Innovations in Water Use?