1. Puritanism to the Enlightenment

2. Questions we’ll answer…
What factors contributed to the outbreak of the English Civil War?
What were the features of Puritanism?
What were the goals of the English Enlightenment?

3. Historical, Social, & Cultural Forces
Divine Right of Kings
King James I believed that his power was given directly from God
He wanted his subjects to follow the practices of the Church of England
Puritans couldn’t gather for religious meetings
Catholics couldn’t practice Mass
What might be the problem with this?
People left England
Catholics went to European countries
Puritans ended up in North America **Plymouth Colony, 1620

4. Historical, Social, & Cultural Forces
Growing Conflict
In 1625, King Charles I came to power and followed his father’s example.
He ignored Parliament’s opinions and forced Anglican rituals on Puritans and others.
In 1629, King Charles dissolved Parliament
He didn’t call it back into session for ELEVEN years.
Realizing his mistake, he called Parliament back into session in 1640
Compromise was out of question
Parliament called for a new Constitution demanding control of ALL Church, Military, and Judicial matters
King Charles left London for York and the battle lines were drawn in August ,1642
King Charles vs. Oliver Cromwell

5. The Civil War
Fought between Royalists or Cavaliers and the Puritan Roundheads (Parliamentarians)
Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army dominated and King Charles surrendered to the Scots in April, 1646
The Scots gave him to Parliament for a large ransom

6. Parliamentary Power Charles I was publically beheaded
Parliament abolished the monarchy soon after
Oliver Cromwell named LORD PROTECTOR of England
He imposed strict Puritanical rules on public behavior and religious worship
No more Fun in England, not even Christmas was celebrated

7. The Restoration
1660 – Parliament invited Charles II (King Charles I’s son) back to England to take the Throne
Theaters reopened, festivals were celebrated, culture and ideas flooded England from Europe
Intellectual life began to flourish once again, leading to “The Enlightenment”

8. The Enlightenment A European Philosophical and Literary Movement
Began in the late 1600s
The Enlightenment is often called the “AGE OF REASON”
Characterized by a profound faith in the power of Human reason and a devotion to clarity of thought.
Reason became the SUPREME Authority

9. Neoclassicism A “NEW” appreciation for “CLASSIC” works
A related “Literary” movement
Characterized by Poetry, Prose, and Criticism
A conviction that the classical authors (Greek/Roman authors) perfected the rules that writing should follow.

10. Puritanism & the Civil War English Enlightenment & Neoclassicism
Big Ideas
Puritanism & the Civil War
The Restoration
English Enlightenment & Neoclassicism

11. Puritanism & the Civil War
Puritanism was a radical form of Protestantism
Acknowledged the “Pure” word of God as revealed in the Bible
Central goal was to purify the Church of England by removing doctrines and rites retained from Catholicism
Ultimate Authority was from God, not the King

12. Puritanism & the Civil War
Conflict
Who has Authority?
God or King?
Civil War
Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell
3.5 years of fighting, ended in January, 1649
Resulted in King Charles I losing his head
Parliament, controlled by Puritans and Cromwell, “cleaned house” from 1649 – 1658
Catholicism was not accepted or tolerated
Little pleasure or entertainment allowed
Economy Prospered
Cromwell died in 1658, Military ruled until 1660
Charles II, heir to the throne, restored in May, 1660.

13. The Restoration “The Good Times”
Charles II, known as the “Merry Monarch”, enjoyed pleasures of all kinds
Belief in “Carpe Diem” throughout England
A defiance against the Puritan Rule
Women allowed to act in new theaters
Holidays celebrated again
Those who spoke out against new behavior could be jailed
Great Fire of London & The Plague
Punishment from God?
Plague in 1665 –Great Fire of London, 4 days in 1666
City rebuilt in fire-resistant Stone by Sir Christopher Wren

14. English Enlightenment & Neoclassicism
Deism
God manifests himself through the grandeur of his creation
One can know God through the use of reason and observation to study the laws of the physical universe
Scientific Revolution
Royal Society of London
Natural philosophers & scientists
Followed Bacon’s inductive approach to knowledge
The Rule of Reason
“Nature is the sole authority” – Royal Society of London
Shared learning
Philosophical Transactions
Plain style of writing – great influence of Scientific writing still today

15. English Enlightenment & Neoclassicism
The Rule of the Ancients
Nature is orderly and rational
Underlying patterns are harmonious and beautiful
Poetry was governed by natural, not man-made laws.
Purpose of Art is to imitate Nature
Neoclassical writers turned to classical Greek and Roman texts
Belief that these texts explain the natural laws that govern
Belief that Satire, which points out our faults and flaws, could cause people to live a more balanced, moderate, and harmonious life