1. Why Different? '세월호 국회' 정족수 못 채워 의원 찾아다니는 한국
'세월호 국회' 정족수 못 채워 의원 찾아다니는 한국
9·11 직후 만장일치로 대통령 전쟁 권한 준 미국 의회
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Why different?  Probably many reasons …

2. Electoral Rules II Proportional representation
Proportional representation (PR) allocates seats
according to a formula that tries to ensure
proportionality.
The main forms of PR are:
* The list system
* The single transferable vote

3. Electoral Rules II 1. List PR system
One of the simplest ways of ensuring proportionality is to
distribute the seats on a national basis or else on a large
regional one.
Parties rank their candidates in order of preference, and they
are elected in proportion to the number of votes for that
party, starting from the top of the list.
For example, a party getting 25 percent of the poll will fill 25
percent of the seats from the top of its list.

4. Electoral Rules II 1. List PR system
The advantage is simplicity and the proportionality of the results.
The disadvantage is that voters cast a preference for a party,
though they may prefer to vote for an individual candidate.
The system also gives power to party leaders, who decide the
rank order of candidates on their lists.
Because list PR voting requires multi-member districts it also
breaks the direct and simple link between representatives
and their districts.
List PR is highly proportional and it can encourage very small
parties and fragmentation of the party system.

5. Electoral Rules II 1. List PR system
Many democratic countries have adopted the list PR system,
including: Argentina (compulsory voting), Belgium, Chile,
Costa Rica (compulsory voting), Cyprus (compulsory voting),
Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic (compulsory
voting), Estonia, Finland, Greece, Israel, Italy (before 1994),
Latvia, The Netherlands (compulsory voting before 1970),
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain,
Sweden and Switzerland (compulsory voting).

6. Electoral Rules II 2. Single transferable vote (STV)
Voters rank candidates according to their order of
preference, and elected candidates must either get a
specified number of first preferences or else the second
preferences are taken into account.
If no candidate has an absolute majority, the third
preferences are counted, and so on until all seats are
filled.
STV must be used in conjunction with multi-member
constituencies.

7. Electoral Rules II 2. Single transferable vote (STV)
The advantage of the system is its proportionality and the
avoidance of ‘wasted’ votes.
The disadvantage is the complexity of the STV formula
(although this is now easily and quickly done by computer)
and the fact that multi-member constituencies do not create a
direct link between constituencies and a single representative.
The system is used only in Australia, Estonia (1989–92) and Ireland.

8. Electoral Rules and Party Systems
Voting systems and party systems in democracies
Of a list of seventy-three liberal democracies in the 1990s,
thirty-six had PR electoral systems and thirty-seven non-PR
systems.
Of the thirty-six PR countries, 81 percent were multi-party
and the remaining 19 percent were two- or dominant one-
party systems.
Of the thirty-seven non-PR countries, 13 percent were multi-

9. Party Systems Dominant one-party systems Two-party systems
India (the Congress Party), Japan (the Liberal Democratic
Party), South Africa (the African National Congress, ANC)
and Sweden (The Social Democratic Workers’ Party)
Two-party systems
Canada, New Zealand (until constitutional reform
in 1966), the UK (Labor and Conservatives) and
the US (Democrats and Republicans)
Multi-party systems
the norm and found in most parts of the democratic world

11. Example: A Spectrum of Parties
The parties in Swedish Riksdag (unicameral)

12. The Features of Party Systems
Two-party competition
Single winner chosen by plurality vote
Major parties help maintain the system.
Proportional Representation (PR) system
Multiple winners chosen by proportionality rule
Diverse interests can be represented by the system.
Which one do you prefer and why?

13. Committees Woodrow Wilson’s Famous Quote
“Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition,
whilst Congress in its committee-rooms is Congress at
work.” (Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government (1885)
However, Wilson was later highly critical of Congress.
대한민국 국회 위원회
본회의 중심주의 VS. 상임위원회 중심주의
본회의 (전체) 선호와 위원회 (부분)의 정책선호가 다르다면?
대표성 vs. 효율성의 문제?
Why committees? Three different perspectives!