1. The Appendicular Skeleton

2. The Appendicular Skeleton
Composed of 126 bones
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

3. The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6a

4. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle — collarbone
Scapula — shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

5. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.21c–d

6. Clavicles Slender, rodlike bones with elongated S shapes
Located at base of the neck and run horizontally between the sternum and the shoulders
Sternal ends – articulate with the manubrium
Acromial ends – articulate with the scapulae
Brace the scapulae, holding the shoulders in place
Structurally weak

7. Scapulae
Broad, triangular bones located on either side of the upper back
Spine – divides posterior surface
2 processes at the head:
Acromion process – forms tip of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle
Coracoid process – curves anteriorly and inferiorly to the clavicle
Glenoid cavity – between the acromion and coracoid processes; articulates with the head of the humerus
Suprascapular notch – passage way for nerves

8. Upper Limb Bones
Bones form the framework of the arm, forearm, and hand
Bones function as levers for muscle contraction
Includes:
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)
Carpals (16)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)

9. Humerus Long bone that extends from scapula to the elbow
Head fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
Greater tubercle – on lateral side
Lesser tubercle – on anterior side
Surgical neck – tapering region below head and tubercles (common fracture site)
Deltoid tuberosity – rough area near the middle of the shaft on the lateral side
attachment site for the deltoid muscle

10. Humerus Bone Features continued…
Coronoid fossa – process where the elbow bends: receives the ulna
Capitulum – articulates with the radius
Olecranon fossa – on posterior surface, receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow straightens
Trochlea – articulates with the ulna
Epicondyles – attachments for elbow muscles and ligaments

11. Radius On thumb side of forearm Shorter than the ulna
Extends from the elbow to the wrist and crosses over the ulna when hand is turned over at the wrist
Radial tuberosity – process just below the head; attachment for the biceps
Styloid process – attachment for wrist ligaments at the distal end

12. Ulna Longer than the radius
Trochlear notch – at proximal end, wrench-like opening that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
Olecranon process – above the trochlear notch; attachment for triceps that straightens the upper limb at the elbow; fits into olecranon fossa
Coronoid process – below trochlear notch, fits into coronoid fossa when elbow bends
Styloid process – at distal end provides attachment for wrist ligaments

14. Wrist Wrist consists of carpals bound in 2 rows of 4 bones each
Articulate with radius and ulna proximally and metacarpals distally
Carpal bones are:
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Scaphoid
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
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15. Metacarpals Form the palm of the hand 5 per hand
Long bones with rounded distal ends (knuckles)
Articulate with carpals and phalanges
Lateral metacarpal is the most freely moveable
Numbered 1-5, starting at the thumb

16. Phalanges Finger bones 3 per finger (proximal, middle, and distal)
2 in thumb – no middle phalanx

17. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
It protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine

18. Coxal Bones Each coxa develops from 3 parts:
Ilium
Ishium
Pubis
Acetabulum – cup-shaped cavity where the 3 parts of coxa fuse, making the socket for the femur

19. Ilium Largest and most superior portion of the coxa
Flares outward and forms the prominence of the hip
Iliac crest – margin of the ilium
Sacroiliac joint – where ilium and sacrum join
Anterior superior iliac spine – found lateral to the groin, provides attachments for ligaments and muscles
Posterior superior iliac spine – on posterior border

20. Ischium Forms lowest portion of the coxa L-shaped
Ischial tuberosity – rough surface that points down and back; supports body weight when sitting
Ischial spine – sharp projection above ischial tuberosity, near the junction between the ilium and the ischium
Creates the narrowest part of the pelvis

21. Pubis Anterior portion of coxa
Pubic symphysis – fibrocartilage joint between the 2 pubic bones
Pubic arch – angle between pubic bones
Obturator foramen – largest opening in the body
Formed between ischium and pubis
Covered and nearly closed by obturator membrane

22. Male vs. Female Pelvis Male Pelvis: Female Pelvis Heavier bone
More evidence of muscle attachments
Female Pelvis
Iliac bones are more flared
Broader hips
Greater angle of pubic arch
Greater distance between ischial spines and tuberosities
Shorter, flatter sacral curvature
More delicate bones

23. Lower Limb Bones Femur (2) Patella (2) Tibia (2) Fibula (2)
Tarsals (7/foot)
Metatarsals (5/foot)
Phalanges (14/foot)

24. Total Knee Replacement Surgery

25. Femur Bone Features Thigh bone Longest bone in body
Extends from hip to knee
Head of femur – large and rounded; projects medially into acetabulum of coxal bone
Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter – attachments for muscles of buttocks and lower limbs
Lateral and medial condyles – articulate with tibia

26. Patella Articulates with the femur on distal anterior surface Kneecap
Flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee

27. Tibia Bone Features Shin bone
Larger of 2 leg bones; located on the medial side
Medial and lateral condyles – on proximal end, articulate with condyles of femur
Tibial tuberosity – below condyles on anterior surface; attachment of patellar ligament
Anterior crest – extends downward from tuberosity;
Medial malleolus – inner ankle

28. Fibula Bone Features
Long, slender bone located on the lateral side of the tibia
Articulates with the tibia just below the lateral condyle
Lateral malleolus – distal end that forms the outer ankle

29. Bones of the Foot Tarsus – consists of 7 tarsal bones
Talus – tarsal bone that can move freely where it joins the tibia and fibula
Forms the ankle
Other tarsals are bound firmly together to support the talus
Calcaneus – largest tarsal bone; heel bone
Located below the talus and projects backward
Helps support weight of the body
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30. Metatarsals Numbered 1-5 beginning on the medial side
Ball of the foot formed by the distal ends
If tissues that bind the metatarsals weaken fallen arches (flat feet) occurs

31. Phalanges Shorter, but otherwise similar to fingers
3 bones per toe, except 2 in the great toe