1. THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.
Chair of Medical Biology, Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology
THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.
Lecturer As. Prof. O. Pokryshko

2. Why Study Microbiology?
Pharmaceuticals
Vaccines/Antibiotics
Biotechnology
Bioremediation
Pathogenicity
Fundamental Biology

3. Microbiology The study of microorganisms
Microorganisms living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Microorganisms = Microbes

4. Microorganisms Divided into six groups Bacteria Archae Algae Fungi
Protozoa
Viruses

5. History of Microbiology
Microbes discovered >300yrs
Known to man during the mid 1800s
Period of progress began & continues to the present

6. Periods of microbiology development
Morphologic
Physiologic
Prophylactic

7. Morphological period in microbiology history (XVII middle of age).
It is also called micrographycal period, as the study of microorganism came only to description of their dimensions and forms. Biological properties and their significances for man still a long time remained incomprehensible.

8. Experimental phase
Leeuwenhoek
Pasteur
Koch
Lister

9. Before 17th century, study of microbiology was hampered by the lack of appropriate tools to observe microbes.
Robert Hooke: In 1665 built a compound light microscope and used it to observe thin slices of cork. Coined the word cell.
Anton van Leeuwenhoeck: In 1673 was the first person to observe live microorganisms which he called “animalcules” (bacteria, protozoa), using single-lens microscopes that he designed. He observed 50,000 different specimens, reported findings to the Royal Society of London

11. Edward Jenner ( 1796)  Smallpox immunity / Vaccine

13. Pasteur’s Contributions:
Pasteurization: Developed a process in which liquids are heated (at 65oC) to kill most bacteria responsible for spoilage.
Disease Causes: Identified three different microbes that caused silkworm diseases.
Vaccine: Developed a vaccine for rabies from dried spinal cords of infected rabbits.
Directed Pasteur Institute until his death in 1895.

14. French Chemist Pasteur (1861)

16. Joseph Lister (1859): Used disinfectant to treat surgical wounds, greatly reducing infection rates. Considered the father of antiseptic surgery.

18. Robert Koch (1876):
First person proved that microorganisms caused diseases
Only specific microorganisms caused specific diseases
Studied anthrax  affects cattle & humans
Proved that Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax in cattle.
Later identified bacterium that causes tuberculosis.

20. Study of viruses
Iwanoski (1892) studying diseases of tobacco plants
Discovered TMV
Filterable viruses

22. Prophylactic period After 1914
Classic Metchnikov's researches defined a prophylactic period in microbiology history.
The Patriarch of world and Ukrainian microbiology - I. Metchnikov

23. Paul Ehrlich (1910): Search for “magic bullet”.
Discovered salvarsan, an arsenic derivative, was effective against syphilis. (1st synthetic drug to come in to widespread use)
Alexander Fleming (1928): Discovered that penicillin produced by the mold Penicillium notatum was able to prevent microbial growth.
Penicillin came into use 10 yrs later
-By the 1940s known as the “wonder drug”
Rene Dubos (1939): Discovered two antibiotics (gramidin and tyrocidine) produced by bacterium (Bacillus brevis).