1. Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology

2. Applied Genetics: is the manipulation; of the hereditary characteristics of an organism to improve or create specific traits in offspring.
Selective breeding: directed breeding to produce plant and animal with desirable traits. Ex: breeding plants to produce larger fruits/vegetable
Inbreeding: Two closely related organism are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations. Inbreeding is a technique used in selective breeding.

3. Test Cross
A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.
If the unknown parent genotype is homozygous dominant, all the offspring will have the dominant phenotype.
If the unknown parent genotype is heterozygous, the offspring will show a 1:1 phenotypic ratio.
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Applied Genetics

4. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism.
An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
DNA Technology

5. Used in: DNA fingerprinting Gel Electrophoresis
1. DNA is cut into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes
2. An electrical current is applied
3. DNA is separated by size. Shorter fragments move farther down the gel than longer fragments
Used in:
DNA fingerprinting

6. DNA fingerprinting
Best way to determine if two people are genetically related
Used in genetic counseling, parental testing, crime scenes, classification of new species of organisms.

7. Gel Electrophoresis (example)
Look at the example of DNA taken at the crime scene (Column 1).
Which suspect committed the crime?
Suspect 1
Suspect 2
Suspect 3

9. Chromosome Painting
Scientists use chromosome painting to make the locations of genes on human chromosomes with fluorescent tags. It is also possible to apply this technique to compare genomes of different species

10. Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problems.
Goal for the Human Genome Project was to sequence all the nucleotides in the human body. (3 Billion nucleotides and 20,000-25,000 genes)
This was completed in 2003
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
DNA Technology

11. The Genome and Genetic Disorders Pharmacogenomics
The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs is called pharmacogenomics.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is a technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases.
Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
The Human Genome

12. What is DNA?

13. Main Idea DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis
From Genes to Genetic expression
(The central dogma of molecular biology)
DNA->RNA->amino acid->protein-> genetic expression
Transcription
Translation

14. Protein Synthesis Amoeba Sister Protein Synthesis
Answer the following questions in your notes as you view the video

15. Video Questions 1. DNA codes for 2. What does Protein Synthesis make?
3. Yes or No: Is all the DNA turn on all the time?
4. DNA is located in the
5. What are the 2 step in Protein Synthesis?
6. How many letters are read at a time?
traits (Proteins)
Proteins No
Nucleus
Transcription
Translation 3

16. RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan
Roles of RNA and DNA
DNA is the MASTER PLAN
RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan

17. DNA vs RNA Sugar-Deoxyribose Double Stranded
Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Gaunine, Cytosine,
Difference: Thymine
G,C,A,T
Sugar Ribose
Single Stranded
Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
Difference: Uracil
G,C,A,U

18. RNA & Protein Synthesis
There a 3 types of RNA involved in this process
mRNA:
tRNA:
rRNA
DNA remains in the nucleus, but in order for it to get its instructions translated into proteins, it must send its message to the ribosomes where proteins are made.

19. Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. (codon)
Carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes. (Anti-codon)
molecular component of a ribosomes. (the site of protein synthesis)
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

20. Moving the information from DNA to Proteins

21. 2 Main Steps in Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription: Takes place in the nucleus, mRNA reads the DNA strand, then moves to the cytoplasm for translation.
2. Translation: Take place in the cytoplasm, tRNA carries amino acids to the mRNA to the site of a ribosome (rRNA)
In RNA
Adenine pairs with Uracil (A-U)
Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C)

22. In Cytoplasm on Ribsomes
Cell
Nucleus
Protein Synthesis
DNA
mRNA
Replication
transcription
translation
In Cytoplasm on Ribsomes

23. Circle a Codon and put a square around and Anti-Codon
Explain the 2 steps in protein synthesis: transcription and translation (codon vs anti-codon)
Circle a Codon and put a square around and Anti-Codon
What biomolecule does the growing amino acid chain make? _____________

24. What process is shown in X?
What process is shown in Y?
What process is shown in Z?
Left in for more detail

25. How does mRNA code for proteins?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
Ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA ?
MetArgValAsnAlaCysAla
Protein aa
How can you code for 20 amino acids with only 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?

26. mRNA Codes for Proteins in Triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
Ribosome
Codon
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
MetArgValAsnAlaCysAla
Protein
Codon = block of 3 mRNA bases

27. How are the Codons Matched to Amino Acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
Codon
UAC
Met
GCA
Arg
tRNA
CAU
Val
Anti-codon
Amino Acid
Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases

28. mRNA to protein = Translation
The working instructions  mRNA
The reader  ribosome
The transporter  transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosome
mRNA U C A G aa
tRNA G U aa
tRNA U A C aa
tRNA G A C
tRNA aa A G U

29. Remember we use the Codon Chart only for mRNA
Teacher Directed
DNA  CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC TAT TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC ATA ATC
mRNA
protein

30. Protein Synthesis
Teacher Directed for the first one the student directed
Mark through the tRNA. Only use mRNA for the correct Amino Acid

31. Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Protein
Transcription
Translation
Trait

32. Transcription
Translation
Protein

33. Protein Synthesis Worksheet:
Homework
Student directed worksheet

34. Mutation Video

35. Mutations: Mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral in their effect
Mutations: Mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral in their effect. Mutations create genetic variation

39. Mutations are ANY changes in the genetic material
Mutations are ANY changes in the genetic material. A mutation that occurs in the gametes will most likely transferred to the offspring

40. Types of Gene Mutations
Include:
Point Mutations: Change of a single nucleotide.
1. Substitution: Change in the nucleotide
2. Frameshift: insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide

41. Gene Mutations: Substitution
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene.
A change in one base; aka point mutation.
In substitution, one base replaces another.
Substitution

42. Gene Mutations: (Frameshift) Insertion/Deletion
In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into the base sequence.
The loss of a single letter shows the effect of a deletion.
Deletion
Insertion
Shifts right or left in reading frame = Frameshift mutation

43. Example of Associated Disease
Mutation Type
Analogy Sentence
Example of Associated Disease
Normal
THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
Missense
(substitution)
THE BIZ FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
Achondroplasia: improper development of cartilage on the ends of bones of arms and legs resulting in a form of dwarfism
Nonsense
THE BIG RAT
Muscular Dystrophy: progressive muscle disorder characterized by the progressive weakening of many muscles in the body
Deletion
(causing frameshift)
THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT
Cystic fibrosis: characterized by abnormally thick mucus in the lungs, intestines, and pancreas
Insertion
THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA
Crohn’s disease: chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract, producing frequent diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and weight loss
Duplication
THE BIG FAT FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (type 1A): damage to peripheral nerves leading to weakness and atrophy of muscles in hands and lower legs.
Expanding mutation
(tandem repeats)
Generation 1
Generation 2
Generation 3
THE BIG FAT CAT CAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
THE BIG FAT CAT CAT CAT CAT CAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT
Huntington’s disease: a progressive disease in which brain cells waste away, producing uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

44. Chromosome Mutations Deletion: removes a chromosome segment
Five types exist:
Deletion: removes a chromosome segment
Inversion: reverses a segment within a chromosome
Translocation: moves a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one
Duplication: repeats a segment
Non-disjunction: chromosomes fails to separate properly during meiosis

45. Chromosome mutations creates genetic variation

46. Academic and PAP

47. Mutation Worksheet PAP and Academic if time permits
Work the first 2 with students.

48. QUIZ TIME
The diagram shows the normal sequence of genes in a particular chromosome. Which chromosomes could have resulted from a deletion that occurred in this chromosome?

49. What have we learned: From Gene to Protein: Review
Nucleus
What have we learned: From Gene to Protein: Review aa
Transcription
Translation
DNA
mRNA
Protein
Ribosome U C A G
tRNA aa
Trait
Cytoplasm

50. Mutations Non-disjunction Single Nucleotide Mutations
Chromosome Mutations
Non-disjunction