1. ITEC 275 Computer Networks – Switching, Routing, and WANs
Week 9
Robert D’Andrea
2015

2. Agenda Learning Activities Network Management Processes
Syslog
Network Management Architectures
Network Management Tools and Protocols
Campus Cabling
Ethernet
Campus Network Design Example

3. Network Management Processes
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines five types of network processes
Fault management
Configuration management
Accounting management
Performance management
Security management

4. Network Management Processes
Fault management refers to detecting, isolating, diagnosing, and correcting problems.
- Develop a workarounds
- Test the workaround
- Document the workaround in a problem tracking database
- Utilize monitoring tools to alert managers, protocol analyzers and Wire Shark for fault resolution
- Syslog network contains timestamp, level, and facility. Syslog severity levels are provided

5. Network Management Processes
Syslog is a standard for computer message logging.
Syslog can be used for computer system management and security auditing as well as generalized informational, analysis, and debugging messages. It is supported by a wide variety of devices (like printers and routers) and receivers across multiple platforms. Because of this, syslog can be used to integrate log data from many different types of systems into a central repository.

6. Network Management Processes
Most syslog messages are found on Unix-like operating systems under the /var/log directory.
anaconda.log sssd
boot.log dmesg
RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL httpd
ppp spooler
mysqld.log cron gz
yum.log maillog
cups audit

7. Network Management Processes
Anaconda is the installation program used by Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
During an installation, a target computer's hardware is identified and configured and the appropriate file systems for the system's architecture are created. Finally, Anaconda allows the user to install the operating system software on the target computer.
Anaconda can also upgrade existing installations of earlier versions of the same distribution. After the installation is complete, you can reboot into your installed system and continue doing customization using the initial setup program.

8. Network Management Processes
Syslog Levels
- Emergency (level 0)
- Alert (level 1)
- Critical (level 2)
- Error (level 3)
- Warning (level 4)
- Notice (level 5)
- Information (level 6)
- Debugging (level 7)

9. Network Management Processes
Syslog Messages
- Sent to Cisco router or switch consoles
- Sent to Network Management Station
- Sent to a remote network host where a syslog analyzer is installed. A syslog analyzer distributes these messages appropriately to the network node manager, and management.

10. Network Management Processes
Configuration Management helps the network manager maintain a list of devices and information installed on those devices.
- Version-logging refers to keeping track of the version of operating systems or applications running on network devices.
- Change management includes DHCP and VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) automatically updates switches with VLAN information.

11. Network Management Processes
Accounting management
- Facilitates usage-based billing. If money is not exchanged, it identifies consumption and possibly “abuse” of network resources.

12. Network Management Processes
Performance management
- Facilitates measurement of network behavior and effectiveness.
-Examine network applications
- Protocol behavior
- End-to-end performance across an internetwork
- Component performance of individual links or devices.

13. Network Management Processes
Security Management allows the network management to maintain and distribute passwords and other authentication information. Security management should also include generating, distributing, and storing encryption keys.
Audit logs should document logins and logouts
Attempts by individuals to change their level of authorization.
Compressing data rather than storing less data

14. Network Management Architectures
Managed device: Routers, servers, switches, bridges, hubs, end systems, or printers.
Agent: Network management software that resides in a managed device.
Network management system (NMS) is a terminal with software that displays management data, monitor and controls managed devices, and communicates with agents. Typically located in a network operations center (NOC).

15. Network Management Architectures
In-band monitoring is network management data that travels across an internetwork using the same paths as user traffic.
- Impacts ability to trouble shoot problems
Out-of-band monitoring
- More complex and expensive
- Analog lines are used for backup
- Security risks with analog links need a callback mechanisms

16. Network Management Architectures
Centralized monitoring architecture all NMSs reside in one place of the network
Distributed monitoring means the NMSs and agents are spread out across the entire internetwork. Distributed monitoring involves a more complex network configuration and tends to be harder to manage.
Manage-of-managers (MoM) is a distributed arrangement with a central NMS. The central NMS manages the distributed locations.

17. Network Management Tools and Protocols
A network management solution should include tools to isolate, diagnose, and report problems and to expedite recovery and quick repair.
Interfaces can be CLI, GUI, and different browsers
SMNPv3 should gradually replace versions 1 and 2 because it offers better security, authentication to protect against modification of information, and secure set operations for the remote configuration of SNMP managed devices.

18. Network Management Tools and Protocols
Management Information Bases (MIB) stores information from local management agent on a managed device.
- Each object in a MIB has a unique identifier.
- Network management applications use the identifier to retrieve a specific object. A MIB is a structured tree and hierarchical structure.

19. Network Management Tools and Protocols
The MIB structure is logically represented by a tree hierarchy. The root of the tree is unnamed and splits into three main branches: Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and joint ISO/CCITT.

20. Network Management Tools and Protocols
These branches and those that fall below each category have short text strings and integers to identify them. Text strings describe object names, while integers allow computer software to create compact, encoded representations of the names. For example, the Cisco MIB variable authAddr is an object name and is denoted by number 5, which is listed at the end of its object identifier number

21. Network Management Tools and Protocols
The object identifier in the Internet MIB hierarchy is the sequence of numeric labels on the nodes along a path from the root to the object. The Internet standard MIB is represented by the object identifier It also can be expressed as iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib.

22. Internet MIB Hierarchy

23. Network Management Tools and Protocols
RMON Monitoring (RMON) developed to close the gap in the standard MIBs which lacked the capability to provide statistics on the data link and physical layer parameters. The IETF developed RMON MIB to provide Ethernet traffic statistics and fault diagnosis.
- RMON collects CRC errors
- Packet-size distribution
- Number of packets in and out

24. Network Management Tools and Protocols
- RMON allows the network manager set thresholds for network parameters
- RMON configures agents to automatically deliver alerts to NMS.
- RMON supports capturing packets and sending the captured packets to the MNS for protocol analysis.
- RMON provides information about the health and performance of the network segment.

25. Network Management Tools and Protocols
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
- Specifies a method for Cisco routers and switches to send configuration information to each other on a regular basis.
- CDP runs on the data link layer
- Utilizes Sub Network Access Protocol (SNAP)
SNAP is the data-link address used in IS-IS protocol to reach the neighbor on a broadcast media. This is comparable to Ethernet links using the Mac Address of the neighbor.

26. Network Management Tools and Protocols
 By default, CDP announcements are sent every 60 seconds on interfaces that support Sub Network Access Protocol (SNAP) headers, including Ethernet, Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Each Cisco device that supports CDP stores the information received from other devices in a table that can be viewed using the show cdp neighbors command. This table is also accessible via snmp. CDP frames are sent every 60 seconds. Switches and routers do not forward CDP frames

27. Network Management Tools and Protocols
View: Cisco CPD configuration video  

28. Network Management Tools and Protocols
Cisco NetFlow Accounting
Collects and measures data as it enters router or switch interfaces. The information enables a network manager to characterize utilization of network and application resources.
Helps network manager visualize traffic patterns so that proactive problems can be detection is possible.
NetFlow allows a network manager to gain a detailed, time-based view of application usage.

29. Selecting Technologies and Devices
We now know what the network will look like.
We also know what capabilities the network will need.
We are now ready to start picking out technologies and devices.
Chapter 10 has guidelines for campus networks.

30. Campus Network Design Steps
Develop a cabling plant design
Select the types of cabling
Select the data-link-layer technologies
Select internetworking devices
Meet with vendors

31. Cabling Plant Design Considerations
Campus and building cabling topologies
The types and lengths of cables between buildings
Within buildings
The location of telecommunications closets and cross-connect rooms
The types and lengths of cables for vertical cabling between floors
The types and lengths of cables for horizontal cabling within floors
The types and lengths of cables for work-area cabling going from telecommunications closets to workstations

32. Centralized Versus Distributed Cabling Topologies
A centralized cabling scheme terminates most or all of the cable runs in one area of the design environment. A star topology is an example of a centralized system.
A distributed cabling scheme terminates cable runs throughout the design environment. Ring, bus, and tree topologies are examples of distributed systems.

33. Centralized Campus Cabling
Building B
Building C
Building D
Building A
Cable Bundle

34. Distributed Campus Cabling
Building A
Building B
Building C
Building D

35. Types of Media Used in Campus Networks
Copper media
Optical media
Wireless media

36. Copper Media Advantages
Conducts electric current well
Does not rust
Can be drawn into thin wires
Easy to shape
Hard to break

37. Coaxial Twisted-Pair Copper Media Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)

38. Coaxial Cable Solid copper conductor, surrounded by:
Flexible plastic insulation
Braided copper shielding
Outer jacket
Can be run without as many boosts from repeaters, for longer distances between network nodes, than either STP or UTP cable
Nonetheless, it’s no longer widely used

39. Twisted-Pair Cabling
A “twisted pair” consists of two copper conductors twisted together
Each conductor has plastic insulation
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Has metal foil or braided-mesh covering that encases each pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
No metal foil or braided-mesh covering around pairs, so it’s less expensive

40. UTP Categories Category 1. Used for voice communication
Category 2. Used for voice and data, up to 4 Mbps
Category 3. Used for data, up to 10 Mbps
Required to have at least 3 twists per foot
Standard cable for most telephone systems
Also used in 10-Mbps Ethernet (10Base-T Ethernet)
Category 4. Used for data, up to 16 Mbps
Must also have at least 3 twists per foot as well as other features
Category 5. Used for data, up to 100 Mbps
Must have 3 twists per inch!
Category 5e. Used in Gigabit Ethernet
Category 6. Used in Gigabit Ethernet and future technologies

41. Types of Cables
Mode is an allowable path for light to travel down a fiber.
Multimode fiber has multiple modes or paths that light can follow. All paths are not equal. some are longer, and the time it takes to travel down each path more time consuming.
Single mode contains a small core diameter, has one path, supports higher bandwith rate over longer distances.

42. Single-mode Fiber (SMF)
Optical Media
Multimode Fiber (MMF)
Single-mode Fiber (SMF)

43. Copper Vs Fiber-Optic Cabling
Twisted-pair and coax cable transmit network signals in the form of current
Fiber-optic cable transmits network signals in the form of light
Fiber-optic cable is made of glass
Not susceptible to electromagnetic force (EMF) or radio frequency interference
Not as susceptible to attenuation, which means longer cables are possible
Supports very high bandwidth (10 Gbps or greater)
For long distances, fiber costs less than copper

44. Multimode Single-mode
Larger core diameter
Beams of light bounce off cladding in multiple ways
Usually uses LED source
Shorter distances
Less expensive
Smaller core diameter
Less bouncing around; single, focused beam of light
Usually uses LASER source
More expensive
Very long distances

45. LED
Definition: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It resembles a basic pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated

46. Single/Multi-Mode Fiber

47. Multi-Mode Fiber

48. Ethernet STP is shielded twisted pair cabling.
UTP is unshielded twisted pair cabling. Typically found in buildings. Generally , least expensive, lowest transmission capabilities because it is subject to crosstalk, noise, and EMI (Electromagnetic Interference).
Coax cabling was popular in the 1980s and 1990s. Not used or installed as it was in the recent past.

49. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

50. Ethernet
Ethernet is a physical and data link layer standard for the transmission of frames on a LAN.
- IEEE802.3 has evolved to support UTP and fiber-optic cabling, and fast transmission speeds.
- Gigabit Ethernet is targeted for the core layer on enterprise systems.

51. Wireless Media IEEE 802.11a, b, g, n Laser Microwave Cellular
Satellite

52. Cabling Guidelines At the access layer use
Copper UTP rated for Category 5 or 5e, unless there is a good reason not to
To future proof the network
Use 5e instead of 5
Install UTP Category 6 rated cable and terminate the cable with Cat 5 or 5e connectors
Then only the connectors need to be changed to move up in speed
In special cases
Use MMF (Multimode Fiber) for bandwidth intensive applications
Or install fiber along with the copper

53. Cabling Guidelines At the distribution layer use
MMF (Multi mode fiber) if distance allows
SMF (Single mode fiber) otherwise
Unless unusual circumstances occur and cable cannot be run, then use a wireless method
To future proof the network
Run both MMF and SMF

54. LAN Technologies Half-duplex Ethernet (becoming obsolete)
Full-duplex Ethernet
10-Mbps Ethernet (becoming obsolete)
100-Mbps Ethernet
1000-Mbps (1-Gbps or Gigabit) Ethernet
10-Gbps Ethernet
Metro Ethernet
Long Range Ethernet (LRE)
Cisco’s EtherChannel
These days, use at least 100-Mbps Ethernet to the desktop and 100-Mbps, Gigabit, or 10-Gbps Ethernet in backbones. Also, use full-duplex Ethernet whenever possible.

55. IEEE 802.3 10-Mbps Ethernet 10 Mbps Ethernet 10Base5 10BaseT 10BaseF
2 pairs Category-3 or better UTP meters
2 multimode optical fibers
Thick coax cable meters
10Base2
10Broad36
Thin coax cable meters
3 channels of a private CATV system meters

56. IEEE 802.3 100-Mbps Ethernet 100BaseT 100BaseX 100BaseT4 100BaseT2
4 pairs Category-3 or better UTP meters
2 pairs Category-3 or better UTP meters
100BaseTX
100BaseFX
2 pairs Category-5 or better UTP meters
2 multimode optical fibers 2000 meters (full duplex)

57. IEEE 802.3 Gigabit Ethernet 1000BaseX 1000BaseSX 1000BaseLX 1000BaseCX
1000BaseT
2 multimode optical fibers using shortwave laser optics 550 meters
2 multimode or single-mode optical fibers using longwave laser optics
550 meters multimode, 5000 meters single-mode
2 pairs STP meters
4 pairs Category-5 UTP
100 meters

58. IEEE 802.3 10-Gbps Ethernet 10GBase with Fiber Cabling 10GBaseLX4
10GBaseSR
10GBaseLR
10GBaseER
Multimode or single-mode optical fibers
300 meters multimode, km single-mode
Multimode optical fibers meters
Single-mode optical fibers 10 km
Single-mode optical fibers 40 km

59. IEEE 802.3 10-Gbps Ethernet 10GBase with Copper Cabling
SFP+ Direct Attach
10GBaseCX4
10GBaseT
XAUI 4-lane PCS
15 meters
Twinax
10 meters
UTP or STP
100 meters

60. Metro Ethernet (MAN)
Service offered by providers and carriers that traditionally had only classic WAN offerings.
The customer can use a standard Ethernet interface to reach a MAN or WAN.
The customer can add bandwidth as needed with a simple configuration change.

61. Long-Reach Ethernet
Enables the use of Ethernet over existing, unconditioned, voice-grade copper twisted-pair cabling
Used to connect buildings and rooms within buildings
Rural areas
Old cities where upgrading cabling is impractical
Multi-unit structures such as hotels, apartment complexes, business complexes, and government agencies

62. Cisco’s EtherChannel Data Center Switch 800 Mbps EtherChannel
West Fiber Run
400 Mbps
East Fiber Run
400 Mbps
Wiring Closet Switch

63. Cisco’s EtherChannel
EtherChannel provides incremental trunk speeds between Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. EtherChannel combines multiple Fast Ethernet up to 800Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet up to 8Gbps , and 10 Gigabit Ethernet up to 80Gbps.

64. Internetworking Devices for Campus Networks
Switches
Routers
Wireless access points
Wireless bridges

65. Selection Criteria for Internetworking Devices
The number of ports
Processing speed
The amount of memory
Latency when device relays data
Throughput when device relays data
LAN and WAN technologies supported
Media supported

66. More Selection Criteria for Internetworking Devices
Cost
Ease of configuration and management
MTBF and MTTR
Support for hot-swappable components
Support for redundant power supplies
Quality of technical support, documentation, and training

67. Summary
Once the logical design is completed, the physical design can start
A major task during physical design is selecting technologies and devices for campus networks
Media
Data-link layer technology
Internetworking devices
Also, at this point, the logical topology design can be developed further by specifying cabling topologies

68. Review Questions
What are three fundamental media types used in campus networks?
What selection criteria can you use to select an Ethernet variety for your design customer?
What selection criteria can you use when purchasing internetworking devices for your design customer?
Some people think Metro Ethernet will replace traditional WANs. Do you agree or disagree and why?

69. This Week’s Outcomes Campus Cabling Network Management Processes CDP
Ethernet
Campus Network Design Example

70. Due this week
10-1 – Concept questions 7

71. Next week Read Chapter 11 in Top-Down Network Design
11-1 – Concept questions 8

72. Q & A
Questions, comments, concerns?