Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics

Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics
Lecture Presentation Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics MC 2 out of 60 FRQ almost every year Note: READ THE CHAPTER James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT

Chemical Kinetics In chemical kinetics we study the rate (or speed) at which a chemical process occurs. Besides information about the speed at which reactions occur, kinetics also sheds light on the reaction mechanism ( exactly how the reaction occurs), a molecular-level view of the path from reactants to products.

14.1 Factors that Affect Reaction Rates
Physical state of the reactants Reactant concentrations Reaction temperature Presence of a catalyst

2. Reactant Concentrations
Increasing reactant concentration (so does the likelihood that reactant molecules will collide) generally increases reaction rate. Since there are more molecules, more collisions occur.

If a heated steel nail were placed in pure O2, would you expect it to burn as readily as the steel wool does? Yes, the nail and steel wool should have the same composition. Yes, the O2 is the major contributor to the reaction. No, the surface area of the nail is not as great as that of the wool. Answer: c

3. Temperature Reaction rate generally increases with increased temperature. Kinetic energy of molecules is related to temperature. At higher temperatures, reactant molecules have more kinetic energy, move faster, and collide more often and with greater energy. Each 100 increase approximately doubles the rate!

4. Presence of a Catalyst Catalysts speed up reactions by changing the mechanism of the reaction Catalysts affect rate without being in the overall balanced equation.(Catalysts are NOT a part of the overall equation and are NOT consumed during the the course of the reaction. Catalysts affect the kinds of collisions, changing the mechanism (individual reactions that are part of the pathway from reactants to products). Catalysts are critical in many biological reactions.

In a reaction involving reactants in the gas state, how does increasing the partial pressures of the gases affect the reaction rate? The effect of increasing the partial pressures of the reactive components of a gaseous mixture depends on which side of the chemical equation has the most gas molecules. Increasing the partial pressures of the reactive components of a gaseous mixture has no effect on the rate of reaction if each reactant pressure is increased by the same amount. Increasing the partial pressures of the reactive components of a gaseous mixture increases the rate of reaction. Increasing the partial pressures of the reactive components of a gaseous mixture decreases the rate of reaction. Answer: c

14.2 Reaction Rate Rate is a change in concentration(either reactants or products) over a time period:

14.2 Reaction Rate

14.2 Reaction Rate Rate = Δ[ ]/Δt. Δ means “change in.”
[ ] means molar concentration. t represents time. Rate involving gasses can be written as pressure changes per time.

Sample Exercise 14.1 Calculating an Average Rate of Reaction
From the data in Figure 14.3, calculate the average rate at which A disappears over the time interval from 20 s to 40 s. Solution Analyze We are given the concentration of A at 20 s (0.54 M) and at 40 s (0.30 M) and asked to calculate the average rate of reaction over this time interval. Plan The average rate is given by the change in concentration, Δ[A], divided by the change in time, Δt. Because A is a reactant, a minus sign is used in the calculation to make the rate a positive quantity. Solve

Sample Exercise 14.1 Calculating an Average Rate of Reaction
Continued Practice Exercise 1 If the experiment in Figure 14.3 is run for 60 s, 0.16 mol A remain. Which of the following statements is or are true? (i) After 60 s there are 0.84 mol B in the flask. (ii) The decrease in the number of moles of A from t1 = 0 s to t2 = 20 s is greater than that from t1 = 40 to t2 = 60 s. (iii) The average rate for the reaction from t1 = 40 s to t2 = 60 s is 7.0 × 10–3 M/s. (a) Only one of the statements is true. (b) Statements (i) and (ii) are true. (c) Statements (i) and (iii) are true. (d) Statements (ii) and (iii) are true. (e) All three statements are true. Practice Exercise 2 Use the data in Figure 14.3 to calculate the average rate of appearance of B over the time interval from 0 s to 40 s.

Estimate the number of moles of A in the mixture after 30 s.
Answer: d ~0.6 mol A ~0.4 mol A < 0.4 mol A > 0.3 mol A and < 0.4 mol A

Following Reaction Rates
Rate of a reaction is measured using the concentration of a reactant or a product over time. In this example, [C4H9Cl] is followed.

The table shows the average rate for a variety of time intervals.

Plotting Rate Data A plot of the data gives more information about rate. The slope of the curve at one point in time gives the instantaneous rate.

Plotting Rate Data All reactions slow down over time.
Therefore, the best indicator of the rate of a reaction is the instantaneous rate near the beginning of the reaction. At t = 0, the instantaneous rate is called initial rate.

How does the instantaneous rate of reaction change as the reaction proceeds?
No change Increases Decreases Answer: c

Sample Exercise 14.2 Calculating an Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
Using Figure 14.4, calculate the instantaneous rate of disappearance of C4H9Cl at t = 0 s (the initial rate). Solution Analyze We are asked to determine an instantaneous rate from a graph of reactant concentration versus time. Plan To obtain the instantaneous rate at t = 0 s, we must determine the slope of the curve at t = 0. The tangent is drawn on the graph as the hypotenuse of the tan triangle. The slope of this straight line equals the change in the vertical axis divided by the corresponding change in the horizontal axis (which, in the case of this example, is the change in molarity over change in time).

Sample Exercise 14.2 Calculating an Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
Continued Solve The tangent line falls from [C4H9Cl] = M to M in the time change from 0 s to 210 s. Thus, the initial rate is Practice Exercise 1 Which of the following could be the instantaneous rate of the reaction in Figure 14.4 at t = 1000 s? (a) 1.2 × 10–4 M/s, (b) 8.8 × 10–5 M/s, (c) 6.3 × 10–5 M/s, (d) 2.7 × 10–5 M/s, (e) More than one of these. Practice Exercise 2 Using Figure 14.4, determine the instantaneous rate of disappearance of C4H9Cl at t = 300 s.

In Figure 14.4, order the following three rates from fastest to slowest: (i) The average rate of the reaction between 0 s and 600 s, (ii) the instantaneous rate at t = 0 s, and (iii) the instantaneous rate at t = 600 s. You should not have to do any calculations. i > ii > iii iii > ii > i ii > i > iii iii > i > ii Answer: c

Relative Rates As was said, rates are followed using a reactant or a product. Does this give the same rate for each reactant and product? Rate is dependent on stoichiometry. If we followed use of C4H9Cl and compared it to production of C4H9OH, the values would be the same. Note that the change would have opposite signs—one goes down in value, the other goes up.

Relative Rates and Stoichiometry
What if the equation is not 1:1? What will the relative rates be for: 2 O3 (g) → 3 O2 (g)

Sample Exercise 14.3 Relating Rates at Which Products Appear and Reactants Disappear
(a) How is the rate at which ozone disappears related to the rate at which oxygen appears in the reaction 2 O3(g) → 3O2(g)? (b) If the rate at which O2 appears, Δ[O2]/Δt, is 6.0 × 10–5 M/s at a particular instant, at what rate is O3 disappearing at this same time, –Δ[O3]/Δt? Solution Analyze We are given a balanced chemical equation and asked to relate the rate of appearance of the product to the rate of disappearance of the reactant. Plan We can use the coefficients in the chemical equation as shown in Equation 14.4 to express the relative rates of reactions. Solve (a) Using the coefficients in the balanced equation and the relationship given by Equation 14.4, we have: (b) Solving the equation from part (a) for the rate at which O3 disappears, –Δ[O3]/Δt, we have:

Sample Exercise 14.3 Relating Rates at Which Products Appear and Reactants Disappear
Continued Check We can apply a stoichiometric factor to convert the O2 formation rate to the O3 disappearance rate: Practice Exercise 1 At a certain time in a reaction, substance A is disappearing at a rate of 4.0 × 10–2 M/s, substance B is appearing at a rate of 2.0 × 10–2 M/s, and substance C is appearing at a rate of 6.0 × 10–2 M/s. Which of the following could be the stoichiometry for the reaction being studied? (a) 2A + B → 3C (b) A → 2B + 3C (c) 2A → B + 3C (d) 4A → 2B + 3C (e) A + 2B → 3C Practice Exercise 2 If the rate of decomposition of N2O5 in the reaction 2 N2O5(g) → 4 NO2(g) + O2(g) at a particular instant is 4.2 × 10–7M/s, what is the rate of appearance of (a) NO2 and (b) O2 at that instant?

14.3 Determining Concentration Effect on Rate (Differential Rate Law)
How do we determine what effect the concentration of each reactant has on the rate of the reaction? We keep every concentration constant except for one reactant and see what happens to the rate. Then, we change a different reactant. We do this until we have seen how each reactant has affected the rate.

An Example of How Concentration Affects Rate

Rate Laws Is respect to NH4+

Rate Laws

Tableogic Rate = k [NO]2[Br2]2

How do reaction rate, rate law, and rate constant differ?
Reaction rate is experimentally measured as a reaction proceeds. Rate constant is calculated from a rate law. Rate law relates reaction rate to rate constant and concentrations. Rate law describes the mechanism of a reaction. Reaction rate depends on the stoichiometry of the reaction. (1), (2), (4) (2), (4), (4) (2), (3), (5) (1), (2), (3) Answer: d

Does the rate constant have the same units as the rate?
Yes, the rate is directly proportional to the rate constant in a rate law. Yes, only if the order of each concentration is one in the rate law. No, as the order of each concentration changes in a rate law, the units of the rate constant change, but those of the rate are always concentration/time. No, as the order of each concentration changes in a rate law, there are changes in the units of both. Answer: c

The experimentally determined rate law for the reaction
2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) ⟶ N2(g) + 2 H2O(g) is rate = k[NO]2[H2]. What are the reaction orders in this rate law? 2nd order in NO, 1st order in H2, 2nd order overall 2nd order in NO, 1st order in H2, 3rd order overall 1st order in NO, 1st order in H2, 2nd order overall 1st order in NO, 2nd order in H2, 3rd order overall Answer: b

The experimentally determined rate law for the reaction
2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) ⟶ N2(g) + 2 H2O(g) is rate = k[NO]2[H2]. Would the reaction rate increase more if we doubled the concentration of NO or the concentration of H2? NO H2 Same effect from doubling NO or H2 Answer: a

Sample Exercise 14.4 Relating a Rate Law to the Effect of Concentration on Rate
Consider a reaction A + B → C for which rate = k[A][B]2. Each of the following boxes represents a reaction mixture in which A is shown as red spheres and B as purple ones. Rank these mixtures in order of increasing rate of reaction. Solution Analyze We are given three boxes containing different numbers of spheres representing mixtures containing different reactant concentrations. We are asked to use the given rate law and the compositions of the boxes to rank the mixtures in order of increasing reaction rates. Plan Because all three boxes have the same volume, we can put the number of spheres of each kind into the rate law and calculate the rate for each box. Solve Box 1 contains 5 red spheres and 5 purple spheres, giving the following rate: Box 1: Rate = k(5)(5)2 = 125k

Continued Box 2 contains 7 red spheres and 3 purple spheres: Box 2: Rate = k(7)(3)2 = 63k Box 3 contains 3 red spheres and 7 purple spheres: Box 3: Rate = k(3)(7)2 = 147k The slowest rate is 63k (Box 2), and the highest is 147k (Box 3). Thus, the rates vary in the order 2 < 1 < 3. Check Each box contains 10 spheres. The rate law indicates that in this case [B] has a greater influence on rate than [A] because B has a larger reaction order. Hence, the mixture with the highest concentration of B (most purple spheres) should react fastest. This analysis confirms the order 2 < 1 < 3. Practice Exercise 1 Suppose the rate law for the reaction in this Sample Exercise were rate = k[A]2[B]. What would be the ordering of the rates for the three mixtures shown above, from slowest to fastest? (a) 1 < 2 < (b) 1 < 3 < 2 (c) 3 < 2 < 1 (d) 2 < 1 < (e) 3 < 1 < 2

Continued Practice Exercise 2 Assuming that rate = k[A][B], rank the mixtures represented in this Sample Exercise in order of increasing rate.

Suppose the reactions A ⟶ B and X ⟶ Y have the same value of k
Suppose the reactions A ⟶ B and X ⟶ Y have the same value of k. When [A] = [X], will the two reactions necessarily have the same rate? Yes, the rate constant governs the rate. No, the rate law can be different. Answer: b

Units of rate = (units of rate constant)(units of concentration)
Sample Exercise 14.5 Determining Reaction Orders and Units for Rate Constants (a) What are the overall reaction orders for the reactions described in Equations 14.9 and 14.11? (b) What are the units of the rate constant for the rate law in Equation 14.9? Solution Analyze We are given two rate laws and asked to express (a) the overall reaction order for each and (b) the units for the rate constant for the first reaction. Plan The overall reaction order is the sum of the exponents in the rate law. The units for the rate constant, k, are found by using the normal units for rate (M/s) and concentration (M) in the rate law and applying algebra to solve for k. Solve (a) The rate of the reaction in Equation 14.9 is first order in N2O5 and first order overall. The reaction in Equation is first order in CHCl3 and one-half order in Cl2. The overall reaction order is three halves. (b) For the rate law for Equation 14.9, we have Units of rate = (units of rate constant)(units of concentration) so Notice that the units of the rate constant change as the overall order of the reaction changes.

Sample Exercise 14.5 Determining Reaction Orders and Units for Rate Constants
Continued Practice Exercise 1 Which of the following are the units of the rate constant for Equation 14.11? (a) M –1/2 s–1 (b) M –1/2 s–1/2 (c) M 1/2 s–1 (d) M –3/2 s–1 (e) M –3/2s–1/2 Practice Exercise 2 (a) What is the reaction order of the reactant H2 in Equation 14.10? (b) What are the units of the rate constant for Equation 14.10?

Sample Exercise 14.6 Determining a Rate Law from Initial Rate Data
The initial rate of a reaction A + B → C was measured for several different starting concentrations of A and B, and the results are as follows: Using these data, determine (a) the rate law for the reaction, (b) the rate constant, (c) the rate of the reaction when [A] = 0.050M and [B] = M. Solution Analyze We are given a table of data that relates concentrations of reactants with initial rates of reaction and asked to determine (a) the rate law, (b) the rate constant, and (c) the rate of reaction for a set of concentrations not listed in the table. Plan (a) We assume that the rate law has the following form: Rate = k[A]m[B]n. We will use the given data to deduce the reaction orders m and n by determining how changes in the concentration change the rate. (b) Once we know m and n, we can use the rate law and one of the sets of data to determine the rate constant k. (c) Upon determining both the rate constant and the reaction orders, we can use the rate law with the given concentrations to calculate rate.

Rate = k[A]2 = (4.0 × 10–3 M –1 s–1)(0.200 M)2 = 1.6 × 10–4 M/s
Sample Exercise 14.6 Determining a Rate Law from Initial Rate Data Continued Solve (a) If we compare experiments 1 and 2, we see that [A] is held constant and [B] is doubled. Thus, this pair of experiments shows how [B] affects the rate, allowing us to deduce the order of the rate law with respect to B. Because the rate remains the same when [B] is doubled, the concentration of B has no effect on the reaction rate. The rate law is therefore zero order in B (that is, n = 0). In experiments 1 and 3, [B] is held constant, so these data show how [A] affects rate. Holding [B] constant while doubling [A] increases the rate fourfold. This result indicates that rate is proportional to [A]2 (that is, the reaction is second order in A). Hence, the rate law is (b) Using the rate law and the data from experiment 1, we have (c) Using the rate law from part (a) and the rate constant from part (b), we have Because [B] is not part of the rate law, it is irrelevant to the rate if there is at least some B present to react with A. Check A good way to check our rate law is to use the concentrations in experiment 2 or 3 and see if we can correctly calculate the rate. Using data from experiment 3, we have Rate = k[A]2 = (4.0 × 10–3 M –1 s–1)(0.200 M)2 = 1.6 × 10–4 M/s Thus, the rate law correctly reproduces the data, giving both the correct number and the correct units for the rate.

2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) → N2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Sample Exercise 14.6 Determining a Rate Law from Initial Rate Data Continued Practice Exercise 1 A certain reaction X + Y → Z is described as being first order in [X] and third order overall. Which of the following statements is or are true?: (i) The rate law for the reaction is: Rate = k[X][Y]2. (ii) If the concentration of X is increased by a factor of 1.5, the rate will increase by a factor of 2.25. (iii) If the concentration of Y is increased by a factor of 1.5, the rate will increase by a factor of 2.25. (a) Only one of the statements is true. (b) Statements (i) and (ii) are true. (c) Statements (i) and (iii) are true. (d) Statements (ii) and (iii) are true. (e) All three statements are true. Practice Exercise 2 The following data were measured for the reaction of nitric oxide with hydrogen: 2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) → N2(g) + 2 H2O(g) (a) Determine the rate law for this reaction. (b) Calculate the rate constant. (c) Calculate the rate when [NO] = M and [H2] = M.

14.4 The Integrated Rate Law: Change of Concentration With Time
Looking for linear

Sample Exercise 14.7 Using the Integrated First-Order Rate Law
The decomposition of a certain insecticide in water at 12 °C follows first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 1.45 yr–1. A quantity of this insecticide is washed into a lake on June 1, leading to a concentration of 5.0 × 10–7 g/cm3. Assume that the temperature of the lake is constant (so that there are no effects of temperature variation on the rate). (a) What is the concentration of the insecticide on June 1 of the following year? (b) How long will it take for the insecticide concentration to decrease to 3.0 × 10–7 g/cm3? Solution Analyze We are given the rate constant for a reaction that obeys first order kinetics, as well as information about concentrations and times, and asked to calculate how much reactant (insecticide) remains after 1 yr. We must also determine the time interval needed to reach a particular insecticide concentration. Because the exercise gives time in (a) and asks for time in (b), we will find it most useful to use the integrated rate law, Equation Plan (a) We are given k = 1.45 yr–1, t = 1.00 yr, and [insecticide]0 = 5.0 × 10–7 g/cm3, and so Equation can be solved for [insecticide]t . (b) We have k = 1.45 yr–1, [insecticide]0 = 5.0 × 10–7 g/cm3, and [insecticide]t = 3.0 × 10–7 g/cm3, and so we can solve Equation for time, t.

Sample Exercise 14.7 Using the Integrated First-Order Rate Law
Continued Solve (a) Substituting the known quantities into Equation 14.13, we have We use the ln function on a calculator to evaluate the second term on the right [that is, ln(5.0 × 10–7)], giving To obtain [insecticide]t = 1 yr, we use the inverse natural logarithm, or ex, function on the calculator: Note that the concentration units for [A]t and [A]0 must be the same. (b) Again substituting into Equation 14.13, with [insecticide]t = 3.0 × 10–7 g/cm3, gives Solving for t gives Check In part (a) the concentration remaining after 1.00 yr (that is, 1.2 × 10–7 g/cm3) is less than the original concentration (5.0 × 10–7 g/cm3), as it should be. In (b) the given concentration (3.0 × 10–7 g/cm)2 is greater than that remaining after 1.00 yr, indicating that the time must be less than a year. Thus, t = 0.35 yr is a reasonable answer. ln[insecticide]t = 1 yr = –(1.45 yr–1)(1.00 yr) + ln(5.0 × 10–7) ln[insecticide]t = 1 yr = – (–14.51) = –15.96 [insecticide]t = 1 yr = e–15.96 = 1.2 × 10–7g/cm3 ln(3.0 × 10–7) = –(1.45 yr–1)(t) + ln(5.0 × 10–7) t = –[ln(3.0 × 10–7) – ln(5.0 × 10–7)]/1.45 yr–1 = –(– )/1.45 yr–1 = 0.35 yr

(CH3)2O(g) → CH4(g) + H2(g) + CO(g)
Sample Exercise 14.7 Using the Integrated First-Order Rate Law Continued Practice Exercise 1 At 25 °C, the decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5(g), into NO2(g) and O2(g) follows first-order kinetics with k = 3.4 × 10–5 s–1. A sample of N2O5 with an initial pressure of 760 torr decomposes at 25 °C until its partial pressure is 650 torr. How much time (in seconds) has elapsed? (a) 5.3 × 10–6 (b) (c) (d) 34, (e) 190,000 Practice Exercise 2 The decomposition of dimethyl ether, (CH3)2O, at 510 °C is a first-order process with a rate constant of 6.8 × 10–4 s–1: (CH3)2O(g) → CH4(g) + H2(g) + CO(g) If the initial pressure of (CH3)2O is 135 torr, what is its pressure after 1420 s?

Second-Order Reactions An Example: Conversion of Methyl Isonitrile to Acetonitrile
The equation for the reaction: CH3NC → CH3CN It is first order. Rate = k [CH3NC]

An Example of a Second Order Reaction: Decomposition of NO2
A plot following NO2 decomposition shows that it must be second order because it is linear for 1/[NO2], not linear for ln [NO2]. Equation: NO2 → NO + ½ O2

What can you conclude from the fact that the plot of ln P versus t is linear?
The reaction is zero order in CH3NC. The reaction is first order in CH3NC. The reaction is second order in CH3NC. No conclusion can be made without further information about the specific rate law. Answer: b

Finding the Rate Constant, k Zero-Order Reactions
Besides using the rate law, we can find the rate constant from the plot of ln [A] vs. t. Remember the integrated rate law: ln [A] = − k t + ln [A]o The plot will give a line. Its slope will equal −k.

Zero Order Reactions Occasionally, rate is independent of the concentration of the reactant: Rate = k These are zero order reactions. These reactions are linear in concentration.

At which times during the reaction would you have trouble distinguishing a zero-order reaction from a first-order reaction? Answer: b At all times When t is close to zero Half-way through the reaction When the concentration of [A] is high

Half-life

Half-Life Kinetics Movie - First order process

If a solution containing 10
If a solution containing 10.0 g of a substance reacts by first-order kinetics, how many grams remain after three half-lives? 6.00 g 4.50 g 1.25 g 1.11 g Answer: c

Sample Exercise 14.9 Determining the Half-Life of a First-Order Reaction
The reaction of C4H9Cl with water is a first-order reaction. (a) Use Figure 14.4 to estimate the half-life for this reaction. (b) Use the half-life from (a) to calculate the rate constant. Solution Analyze We are asked to estimate the half-life of a reaction from a graph of concentration versus time and then to use the half-life to calculate the rate constant for the reaction. Plan (a) To estimate a half-life, we can select a concentration and then determine the time required for the concentration to decrease to half of that value. (b) Equation is used to calculate the rate constant from the half-life.

Continued Solve (a) From the graph, we see that the initial value of [C4H9Cl] is M. The half-life for this first-order reaction is the time required for [C4H9Cl] to decrease to M, which we can read off the graph. This point occurs at approximately 340 s. (b) Solving Equation for k, we have Check At the end of the second half-life, which should occur at 680 s, the concentration should have decreased by yet another factor of 2, to M. Inspection of the graph shows that this is indeed the case. Practice Exercise 1 We noted in an earlier Practice Exercise that at 25 °C the decomposition of N2O5(g) into NO2(g) and O2(g) follows first-order kinetics with k = 3.4 × 10–5 s–1. How long will it take for a sample originally containing 2.0 atm of N2O5 to reach a partial pressure of 380 torr? (a) 5.7 h (b) 8.2 h (c) 11 h (d) 16 h (e) 32 h

Continued Practice Exercise 2 (a) Using Equation 14.15, calculate t1/2 for the decomposition of the insecticide described in Sample Exercise 14.7. (b) How long does it take for the concentration of the insecticide to reach one-quarter of the initial value?

Why can we report the half-life for a first-order reaction without knowing the initial concentration, but not for a second-order reaction? The half-life of a first order reaction is independent of the initial concentration. The half-life of a second order reaction is dependent on the initial concentration. Both A and B Neither A nor B Answer: c

Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback