1. Translation – Protein Synthesis
Transcription Review
Codons
Ribosomes
tRNA
Start and Stop Codons
Protein synthesis

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3. How does the DNA make proteins?

4. DNA  Proteins It is a two step process:
1) Transcription - is the mechanism by which the information encoded in DNA is transcribed into a complementary RNA copy.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
2) Translation is the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide using the information encoded in the mRNA.

5. Transcription Review Step 1: Initiation
RNA polymerase attaches to DNA in the nucleus
The binding occurs at a promoter: a specialized sequence on one strand of DNA, located just upstream from the start of the gene.

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7. Step 3: Termination
When RNA polymerase reaches the termination site, copying stops
RNA polymerase leaves the DNA.
RNA strand is released.
DNA rewinds itself into the double helix.

8. From RNA to proteins ______________
Translation
From RNA to proteins
______________

9. Codons & The Genetic Code
How does the mRNA code for proteins?
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11. Transfer RNA - ___________
MEANWHILE, also out in the cytoplasm…
Transfer RNA - ___________

12. Ribosomes are also out in the cytoplasm…
Ribosomes have 2 subunits.
The mRNA attaches to the small subunit and the large one joins the fun!
Ribosomes are where protein synthesis occurs!

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14. _________________
The first and second a.a. form a peptide bond via peptidyl transferase
The first tRNA releases the chain and moves to the E site (not shown here)
It then leaves to go get another amino acid making room for another tRNA to land…the chain grows.

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18. TIME TO STOP
When a “stop” codon (UAG,UGA,UAA) reaches the A site, there is no anticodon for it, so the ribosome falls apart releasing the new protein chain

19. It’s a continuous process…
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22. The Big Picture…
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