1. Protein Synthesis
Translation

2. The Big Picture DNA (genes) information copied to make 
mRNA (transcription)
Information in mRNA sequence used to put together 
Chain of amino acids(protein)
Proteins determine physical traits of organism

3. Translation: Why
mRNA has copied information from DNA into “nucleic acid” language (A,U,G,C)
Must be translated into “protein” language (amino acids)

4. Translation Building Blocks of Proteins
Proteins are made of subunits
Amino acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group is different for each amino acid

5. Translation Building Blocks of Proteins
20 different amino acids make up all proteins
Order of amino acids gives protein specific characteristics

6. Amino acids: Building Blocks of Proteins
Peptide bond joins amino acids in proteins

7. Translation: The Code 4 letters in RNA: A, U, C, G
3 letters = code for each amino acid
Codon = 3 base code for a specific amino acid

8. Translation: The Code 64 possible combinations (4x4x4)
More than 1 code for some amino acids
Start = AUG
Stop = UAA, UAG, UGA

9. Translation: Where
Cytoplasm of cell

10. Translation: The Players
mRNA with 3-base codons
Start codon
Stop codon

11. Translation: The Players
tRNA
Matches correct amino acid with codon
Anticodon
Amino acid

12. Translation: The Players
Composed of rRNA & protein
Ribosomes assemble the protein
Move along mRNA
tRNA brings amino acids

13. Translation: Initiation
Begin at start codon
Assemble ribosomes

14. Translation: Elongation
tRNA matches anticodon with codon in mRNA to bring correct amino acids to protein
Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids

15. Translation: Termination
“Stop” codon is reached
Protein is released from ribosome
Protein folds into 3-D shape

16. Translation
Many proteins can be translated from a single message

17. The Complete Process

18. Transcribe & translate a gene
Practice!