1. Karyotypes

2. I. What is a Karyotype?
Karyotype = a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells.
Extra, missing, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problem’s with a person’s growth, development, and body functions.

3. Examples:
Normal Female
Normal male

4. II. Why Is It Done?
Determine whether the chromosomes of an adult have an abnormality that can be passed on to a child.
Determine whether a chromosomes defect is preventing a woman from becoming pregnant or causing miscarriages.
Determine whether a chromosome defect is present in a fetus.

5. II. Why Is It Done?
Determine the cause of a baby’s birth defects or disability.
Identify the sex of a person by determining the presence of the Y chromosome.
May be done when a newborn’s sex is not clear.

6. III. How is A Karyotype Created?
Human karyotypes are usually prepared from photographs of chromosomes that have been spread, fixed, and stained to highlight banding patterns.
The chromosomes on the photograph are cut apart and then arranged in homologous pairs just as you will be doing in an upcoming activity.

7. III. How is A Karyotype Created?
Chromosomes are obtained through various test: blood, bone marrow, amniotic fluid, or tissue from the placenta (the organ that develops during pregnancy to feed a growing baby).
White blood cells are used most frequently because they are easily induced to divide and grow in culture.

8. To test amniotic fluid, an amniocentesis is done
To test amniotic fluid, an amniocentesis is done. A long needle will withdrawal fluid surrounding the fetus. It will contain cells shed by the fetus.
A bone marrow specimen requires a bone marrow biopsy.

9. III. How Is A Karyotype Created?
The sample is placed into a special dish and allowed to grow in the laboratory.
Various chemicals are added to stop the cell’s growth during prophase and metaphase.
The cells are placed on a microscope slide and treated so they swell and their chromosomes spread apart.

10. III. How Is A Karyotype Created?
Then various stains are used to highlight banding patterns.
Experienced geneticists observe the karyotype for chromosomal abnormalities
Missing pieces of chromosomes
Missing chromosomes
Extra chromosomes
The sex of the person

12. III. How Is A Karyotype Created?
The treated chromosomes can then be photographed, enlarged, if desired, and cut out to do the karyotype.

13. IV. What are Genetists Looking For?
Differences in sizes of chromosomes
Differences in the position of the centromeres
This is brought about by translocations.
Differences in basic number of chromosomes = (aneuploidy)

14. V. Common Abnormalities

15. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Cause = nondisjunction of the 21st pair of chromosomes

16. Down Syndrome Characteristics
Happens equally in males and females since it does not involve the sex chromosomes
Individuals have mental disabilities but the severity varies with the individual.
The probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome increases with the age of the mother, increasing significantly after age 35.

17. Turner’s Syndrome (monosomy)
Cause = nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes during meiosis so individuals are missing one copy of the X chromosome.
They have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and only one X chromosomes.

18. Turner Syndrome Characteristics Affects only females
Women are usually short, sexually underdeveloped, and sterile.
Women with this function well within society and are not diagnosed until they are assessed for infertility as adults.

19. Klinefelter's Syndrome (trisomy)
Cause = nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes during meiosis so individuals have an extra X chromosome.
The person has 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 3 sex chromosomes (XXY)

20. Klinefelter's syndrome
Characteristics
Affects only males
Males are often tall, sexually underdeveloped and may have slight intellectual impairment.
Recognition of this syndrome before puberty does not occur.
Many males with this function well within society and are not diagnosed until they are assessed for infertility as adults.

21. Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY) (trisomy)
Cause – occurs when a male inherits two Y chromosomes from his father instead of one. The exact cause of why this occurs is unknown.
He is an XYY male.

22. Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY)
Characteristics
Affects only males
The most common symptoms are learning problems at school and delayed emotional maturity.
Males are tall, thin, have acne, speech problems, and reading problems.

23. Treacher Collins Syndrome video
Another video