1. FACTS BY TSR, FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION
Project Title
FACTS BY TSR, FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION
Under the Guidance of
Submitted by

2. ABSTARCT
Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power.
Where real power is the time integral of the instantaneous power measured over a full period and the apparent power is simply the product of the RMS voltage and RMS current measured over the entire period.
The time lag between the zero voltage pulse and zero current pulse duly generated by suitable operational amplifier circuits are fed to two interrupt pins of the microcontroller where the program takes over to actuate appropriate number of relays at its output for bringing shunt capacitors into the load circuit to get the power factor till it reaches 0.95.

3. PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

4. HARDWARE COMPONENTS MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51) SCR
OPTO-ISOLATOR
LCD
LM339
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
INDUCTIVE LOAD
SHUNT CAPACITOR
PUSH BUTTONS
LED
1N4007 / 1N4148
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR

5. POWER SUPPLY Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator 230 V AC 50 Hz 5V DC
Filter(470µf)
12V step down
transformer

6. It is a smaller computer Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
MICROCONTROLLER
It is a smaller computer
Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
RAM
ROM
I/O Port
Timer
Serial COM Port
Microcontroller
CPU
A single chip

7. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO CONTROLLER-AT89S52/51
CPU
On-chip RAM
On-chip ROM for program code
4 I/O Ports
Timer 0
Serial Port
OSC
Interrupt Control
External interrupts
Timer 1
Timer/Counter
Bus Control
TxD RxD
P0 P1 P2 P3
Address/Data
Counter Inputs

8. Features of AT89S51/52 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer

9. Pin Description

10. SCR
A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (or Semiconductor Controlled Rectifier) is a four layer solid state device that controls current flow
An SCR can be seen as a conventional rectifier controlled by a gate signal
It is a 4-layered 3-terminal device
When the gate to cathode voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the device turns 'on' and conducts current

11. The operation of a SCR can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly coupled Bipolar Junction Transistors
SCR has three states:
Reverse blocking mode, forward blocking mode, and forward conducting mode

12. OPTO -ISOLATOR
MOC 3061/63

13. QUAD VOLTAGE COMPARATOR LM339

14. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates directly with the LCD.

15. TN12 Available either in sensitive (TS12) or standard
(TYN, TN12...) gate triggering levels, the 12A SCR
series is suitable to fit all modes of control found in
applications such as overvoltage crowbar
protection, motor control circuits in power tools
and kitchen aids, in-rush current limiting circuits,
capacitive discharge ignition, voltage regulation
circuits...
Available in though-hole or surface-mount
packages, they provide an optimized performance
in a limited space area.

16. If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
LCD BACKGROUND
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

17. Soft ware Requirements
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.

18. i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform  So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.

19. QUERIES ?

20. THANKYOU