1. The Discovery of Gold in Australia
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2. Teacher invaders
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Next Slide: The discovery of gold in Australia is traditionally …

3. The Discovery of gold
The discovery of gold in Australia is traditionally attributed to Edward Hammond Hargraves, near Bathurst, New South Wales, in February 1851.
Edward Hammond Hargraves (5 October 1816 – 29 October 1891) was a gold prospector who claimed to have found gold in Australia in 1851, starting the Australian gold rush.
Hargraves was born at Gosport, Hampshire, England, third son of Lieutenant John Edward Hargraves and his wife Elizabeth. He was educated at Brighton Grammar School in England and Lewes. He travelled to California during the California Gold Rush but his prospecting in California was not successful. The geological similarities of the California goldfields to the Macquarie Valley in New South Wales, inspired him to return to NSW to prospect. On 12 February 1851, Hargraves claimed to have found gold near Bathurst, at Ophir Valley, he called the goldfield Ophir, and the Ophir Township was later established there. He was accompanied on his prospecting expedition by John Hardman Lister and William Tom, but Hargraves announced the find at a meeting in Bathurst, going against a prior agreement with the two other men.
Hargraves was awarded by the New South Wales Government for his find, he was paid £ and was appointed Commissioner for Crown Land, the Victorian Government paid him £ He only claimed £2 381 before the funds were frozen after James Tom protested. An enquiry was held in 1853 which upheld that Hargraves was the first to discover a goldfield.
In 1856 Hargraves purchased a 640-acre (2.6 km2) landing at Budgewoi on the Central Coast of New South Wales. He went on to build "Norahville" at Noraville. Wollombi Aboriginal Tribe members are known to have worked on the property. Some sources state that Hargraves had "be-friended" the Aboriginal tribe members. In 1877 Hargraves was granted a pension of £250 per year by the Government of New South Wales, which he received until his death. Shortly before his death in Sydney in 1891 a second enquiry found that John Lister and James Tom had discovered the first goldfield.
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4. You Tube Eureka Rebellion - Exploring Hill End & Sofal
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5. The Discovery of gold
It is now accepted that traces of gold had been found in Australia as early as 1823 by surveyor James McBrien.
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6. The Discovery of gold
By English law all minerals belonged to the Crown, there was at first, “little to stimulate a search for really rich goldfields in a colony prospering under a pastoral economy.”
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7. The Discovery of gold
Richard Broome also argues that the California Gold Rush at first overawed the Australian finds, until “the news of Mount Alexander reached England in May 1852, followed shortly by six ships carrying eight tons of gold.”
Next Slide: The gold rushes brought many immigrants to …

8. The Discovery of gold
The gold rushes brought many immigrants to Australia from Great Britain, Ireland, continental Europe, North America and China.
For example, the Colony of Victoria’s population grew rapidly, from 76,000 in 1850 to 530,000 by 1859.
Next Slide: Discontent arose amongst diggers …

9. The Discovery of gold
Discontent arose amongst diggers almost immediately, particularly on the crowded Victorian fields.
The causes of this were the colonial government’s administration of the diggings and the gold licence system.
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10. The Discovery of gold
Following a number of protests and petitions for reform, violence erupted at Ballarat in late 1854.
Next Slide: Early on the morning of Sunday December 3, 1854, …

11. The Discovery of gold
Early on the morning of Sunday December 3, 1854, British soldiers and Police attacked a stockade built at Eureka by some of the aggrieved diggers.
Next Slide: In a short fight, at least 30 miners …

12. The Discovery of gold
In a short fight, at least 30 miners were killed and an unknown number wounded.
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13. The Discovery of gold
Blinded by his fear of agitation with democratic overtones, local Commissioner Robert Rede had felt “it was absolutely necessary that a blow should be struck” against the miners.
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14. The Discovery of gold
But a few months later, a Royal commission made sweeping changes to the administration of Victoria’s goldfields.
Its recommendations included the abolition of the licence, reforms to the police force and voting rights for miners holding a Miner’s Right.
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15. The Discovery of gold
The Eureka flag that was used to represent the Ballarat miners has been seriously considered by some as an alternative to the Australian flag, because of its association with democratic developments.
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16. You Tube Eureka Rebellion - Riot Or Revolution pt1.
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17. The Discovery of gold
In the 1890s, visiting author Mark Twain famously characterised Eureka as:
“ The finest thing in Australasian history. It was a revolution-small in size, but great politically; it was a strike for liberty, a struggle for principle, a stand against injustice and oppression...it is another instance of a victory won by a lost battle.”
Next Slide: Later Australian gold rushes occurred at the Palmer River…

18. The Discovery of gold
Later Australian gold rushes occurred at the Palmer River, Queensland, in the 1870s, and Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, in the 1890s.
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19. The Discovery of gold
Confrontations between Chinese and European miners occurred on the Buckland River in Victoria and Lambing Flat in New South Wales, in the late 1850s and early 1860s.
Driven by European jealousy of the success of Chinese efforts as alluvial (surface) gold ran out, it fixed emerging Australian attitudes in favour of a White Australia policy, according to historian Geoffrey Serle.
Next Slide: The gold era led to a long period …

20. The Discovery of gold
The gold era led to a long period of prosperity, sometimes called "the long boom."
This was fed by British investment and the continued growth of the pastoral and mining industries, in addition to the growth of efficient transport by rail, river and sea. By 1891, the sheep population of Australia was estimated at 100 million.
Next Slide: Gold production had declined since the 1850s

21. The Discovery of gold
Gold production had declined since the 1850s, but in the same year was still worth £5.2 million.
Eventually the economic expansion came to an end, and the 1890s were a period of economic depression, felt most strongly in Victoria, and its capital Melbourne. The late nineteenth century had however, seen a great growth in the cities of south eastern Australia. Australia's population (not including Aborigines) in 1900 was 3.7 million, almost 1 million of whom lived in Melbourne and Sydney. More than two thirds of the population overall lived in cities and towns by the close of the century, making "Australia one of the most urbanised societies in the western world."
Next Slide: Bibliography

22. Bibliography
Patricia Clarke (July 2000). "Mrs Macquarie's Earrings". National Library of Australia. Retrieved  
A4478 Brooch, 'goldfields', gold, commissioned by Edward Austin, maker unknown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, c Powerhouse Museum Collection:
Heaton, J.H. 1984, The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings, previously published in 1879 as 'Australian Dictionary of Dates containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879, p.111
Heaton, J.H. 1984, The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, published in 1879 as Australian Dictionary of Dates containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879, p.114
Sanker, Ian G. Queensland in brisbane in the 1860's:The Photography of Richard Daintree. Brisbane: Queensland Museum. p. 20. 
Wikipedia- Australian gold rushes-