1. Issues and debates revision

2. Universatility- ideas that apply to all people.
Gender biased- treat a group of people differnetly
Alpha biased – a greater exhaduration of male and female differences freud femininity is failed masculinity
Beta biased- under exhaduration of male and female differences e.g. fight or flight
Evaluation
Leads to better theories that apply to all
Equal opportunity in psychology
Reduces gender biased work

3. Cultural biased- results that cant be used for all cultures
Ethnocentrism- a specific cultural biased, one country seen as superior
E.g. ainsworths
Etric- behaviour outside a culture
Emic- behaviour inside a culture
Evaluation
Changes research not to be culturally biased
Allows for updates to manuals such as the DSM to remove culturally specific work

4. Free will vs Determinism
Free will- free reign over their thoughts and actions
Determinism- behaviour is controlled by internal or external factors
Hard determinism- no free will
Soft determinism- some control over behaviour
Biological determinism- controlled by biological factors such as genes
Environmental- controlled by environmental features e.g. punishment
Psychic- caused by unconscious drives
Evaluation
Determinism suggests that people shouldn't’t be held accountable for behaviours such as killing someone
Skinner suggests that free will is an illusion of determinism
Interactionist approach of soft determinism is best
Brain scans support the idea of free will

5. Nature vs nurture Nature- behaviour is inherited
Nurture- behaviour is affected by the environment
Interactionist- a selection of both approaches is best
Hereditary- genetic transmission of physical or mental characteristics from one generation to another
Diathesis stress- behaviour is biological but can be effected by the environment
Epigenetics- change in genetic activity without a change to the code
PHU- a genetic disorder controlled by diet
Evaluation
Hard to distinguish what is nature and what is nurture
Supported by selective breeding

6. Reductionist vs holism
Reductionist- complex behaviour can be broken down into simple components
Law of parsimony- the simplest ideas best explain behaviour
Holism- behaviour is best explained by looked at multiple factors
High to low explanation scale- cultural and social, psychological, biological
Evaluation
A diathesis stress model is the best
Holism allows for a more complete explanation
Reductionist allows for greater scientific support e.g. brain scans

7. Idiographic vs nomothetic
Idiographic- studying people uniquely
Nomothetic- general rules for studying people and benchmarking. Uses scientific methods e.g norms of iq
Evaluation
Qualitative approach more complete taking into account individual parts
Idiographic takes a holistic approach of everyone is different more complete
Interactionist approach more complete

8. Ethical implications
Socially sensitive- research that may be published that is considered sensitive
Overcome with things such as consent and debriefs
Positives of conducting the research
Implications for society, practical applications, research validity
Evaluation
Socially sensitive research can be positive
Should conduct a cost benefit analysis on whether to do the research
Researchers are more responsible for the research they conduct