1. 2 Medical Science: History and Practice Lesson 1:
The History of Medicine

2. Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to …
Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter.
Discuss the contributions of early medicine to healthcare.
Discuss medical contributors of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.

3. Lesson Objectives
Identify and discuss the role women played in the history of medicine.
Discuss modern medicine and the future of medicine.

4. The First Doctors
Shamans
Witch doctors
Sorcerers

5. Code of Hammurabi Used by Babylonian physicians in 3000 BC
Named after Hammurabi, an early king of Babylon
Laws relate to the practice of medicine
If laws were broken, severe penalties were sustained

6. Early Contributions to Medicine
Egyptians:
Lists of remedies
Surgical treatments of wounds and injuries
Records for sanitation
Jewish Community:
Personal hygiene practices
Sanitation and other public health issues
Greeks:
Use of nonpoisonous snakes to treat wounds

7. The Caduceus

8. Other Early Contributions to Medicine
Indian:
Herbal medical remedies as early as 800 BC
Chinese:
Writings about human blood pulses around 250 BC
Japanese and Chinese:
Practice of acupuncture

9. Critical Thinking Question
What medicinal remedies were developed in ancient civilizations and are still being used today?

10. Early Medicinal Remedies Still Used Today
Opium derivates used in medication
Nitroglycerin to treat heart patients
Digitalis from the foxglove plant to regulate and strengthen the heartbeat
Sulfur and cayenne pepper to stop bleeding
Chamomile and licorice to aid digestion
Cranberry to treat urinary tract infections

11. Fifth Century to Sixteenth Century
Medieval period
Time of little or no progress in medical practices
Time of many epidemics
Medical testing was mostly oral
Surgeons only treated the wealthy; others were treated by the local barber

12. Hippocrates 460-377 BC Known as the “Father of Medicine”
Shifted medicine from mysticism to science
Prior to Hippocrates little was known of anatomy and physiology
Hippocrates stressed the following:
The body’s healing nature
Clinical descriptions of diseases
The ability to discover diseases by listening to the chest

13. Critical Thinking Questions
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
Is the Hippocratic Oath relevant to physicians in the 21st century? If so, how?

14. The Hippocratic Oath Part of the writings of Hippocrates
Serves as a widely used ethical guide for physicians
Oath includes the physician’s pledge to:
work for the good of the patient
do the patient no harm
prescribe no deadly drugs
give no advice that could cause death
keep confidential medical information regarding the patient

15. Galen 130-201 AD Greek physician who practiced in Rome
Initially followed the Hippocratic method
Stressed the value of anatomy
Founded experimental physiology
Known as the “Prince of Physicians”

16. Other Influential Individuals of Early Medicine
William Harvey –
Wrote on the topic of blood circulation and experimental method in medicine
Galileo –
First to use a telescope to study the skies, leading to the invention of the microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek –
First person to observe and describe bacteria
Responsible for describing spermatozoa and protozoa

17. Influential Individuals in Medicine During the 18th Century
John Hunter –
Founder of Scientific Surgery
Edward Jenner –
Performed the first vaccination using the smallpox vaccine
Rene Laennec –
Invented the stethoscope
Benjamin Franklin –
Discovered that colds could be passed from one person to another

18. Critical Thinking Question
What advancements in medicine that impacted how patients were treated, occurred during the nineteenth century?

19. Advancements Made in Medicine During the 19th Century
Improved knowledge of the human body through accurate documentation
Use of sophisticated microscopes
Use of injection materials
Use of instruments such as the ophthalmoscope
Discovery of the cell
Discovery that certain diseases and wound infections were caused by microorganisms

20. Influential Individuals in Medicine During the 19th Century
Louis Pasteur –
Established the science of bacteriology
Joseph Lister –
Introduced antiseptic system in surgery
Ignaz Semmelweiss –
Traced the cause of puerperal sepsis
Robert Koch –
Discovered the cause of tuberculosis
Paul Ehrlich –
One of the original “microbe hunters”

21. Other Major Advancements During the 19th Century
Discovery of x-rays
William Roentgen –
Discovery of radium
Pierre Curie –
Marie Curie –
Discovery of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud –

22. Contributions from Americans in the 19th Century
Discovered the use of ether as a general anesthetic
William Morton –
Crawford Long –
Helped to conquer yellow fever
Walter Reed –

23. Critical Thinking Question
How has medicine advanced from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century?

24. Major Medical Advances During the First Half of the 20th Century
Death rates from diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria dropped dramatically
Overall mortality rates decreased
New emphasis placed on morbidity rates
Chemotherapy and the specialty of oncology were developed
Development of immunology
Progress in endocrinology
Advancements in nutrition

25. Penicillin The introduction of antibiotics
First example of using chemicals to treat infections
Discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928
Fleming and two other scientists won the Nobel Prize for their work with penicillin

26. Vaccines Occurred due to the advancements in the study of immunology
Discovered in the 1950s
Developed by:
Dr. Jonas Salk ( )
Dr. Albert Sabin ( )
First vaccines included:
Typhoid, tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis, yellow fever, influenza, and measles

27. Influential Women in Medicine
Elizabeth Blackwell –
First female physician in the U.S.
Awarded degree in 1849
Florence Nightingale –
Founder of modern nursing
Referred to as “the Lady with the Lamp”
Clara Barton –
Established the American Red Cross
Started the first school of nursing in 1860

28. More Recent Medical Firsts
1954 – First successful kidney transplant
1960 – Invention of the heart pump
1962 – Reattachment of limbs
1967 – First heart transplant
1978 – First test-tube baby
1984 – Discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS
1997 – Cloning of first sheep
2001 – Placement of an implantable heart
2001 – Completion of human genome project

29. Advancements of Medicine Currently and in the Future
Increased life expectancy rates
Improved communication techniques affecting the way patients will be treated
Robotics used in surgery

30. Future Medical Conquests
Cure for AIDS
Vaccine to prevent HIV
Cloning organs to overcome shortage of donors
Better treatment and outcomes for mental illness
Cure for heart disease, cancer, and obesity
Methods to slow aging
Regeneration of brain and nerve cells to overcome paralysis
Development of antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to develop a resistant strain

31. Questions?