1. Biology Review Benchmark Test #2
Standards 2D, 3A
ATP/ADP
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration/Fermentation
Mitosis
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer
Stem Cells

2. Energy (TRUE or FALSE) Energy is the ability to do work?
(TRUE of FALSE) Organisms need ENERGY.
(TRUE of FALSE) Energy is stored in chemical bonds.
List 3 forms of ENERGY:
Ultimate source of ENERGY is the ___________.

3. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Label the following ATP molecules and circle high energy bonds:

4. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
Label the following ADP molecules:

5. ATP-ADP Cycle ATP  _________ + _________ + _________

6. ATP, ADP, or Both? ATP ADP Energy Molecule
Molecule produced when bonds break
Contains More Energy
Adenosine Diphosphate
Main energy source for ALL cells
Nucleotide
2 phosphates
Molecule produced when bonds form
Contains Less Energy
3 phosphates
Adenosine Triphosphate

7. ATP, ADP, or Both?

8. Photosynthesis 6 ____ + 6 ____ + _______  ________ + 6 ____
Light Energy  ___________________ Energy
Organelle  _____________________
(TRUE or FALSE) Plants, algae, and phytoplankton are photosynthetic.
Most important pigment is ___________________
Light dependent reactions  light or no light
Light independent reactions  light or no light

9. Photosynthesis

10. Photosynthesis

11. Cellular Respiration 6 ____ + _______  ______ + 6 _____ + 6 _____
Chemical Energy (food)  Chemical Energy (ATP)
Organelle  ______________________________
(TRUE or FALSE) Cell respiration occurs in all eukaryotic organisms.
Aerobic reactions  oxygen or no oxygen
Anaerobic  oxygen or no oxygen

12. Cellular Respiration Occurs SLOWLY in 3 Stages:
Glycolysis_____ a) glucose  pyruvic acid & ATP
Krebs Cycle _____ b) produces lots of water and ATP
Electron Transport _____ c) pyruvic acid  water, CO2, ATP
(TRUE or FALSE) Glycolysis is anaerobic while both the Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain is aerobic.

13. Cellular Respiration

14. Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration

15. Fermentation (TRUE or FALSE) Fermentation is anaerobic.
(TRUE or FALSE) Fermentation produces less ATP compared to aerobic cellular respiration.
Fermentation occurs in the _________________.
2 types of Fermentation:
____________________________ during EXCERCISE
glucose  pyruvic acid  lactic acid + ATP
____________________________ in yeast for bread
glucose  pyruvic acid  alcohol + CO2 + ATP

16. Cell Size
(TRUE or FALSE) Cells divide because they are more efficient being small.
List 5 activities that smaller cells are better doing:

17. Cell Division
____________________________ - process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells.
____________________________ - repeated pattern of growth & division in cells.

18. CELL CYCLE

19. Cell Cycle Interphase ___ Prophase ___ Metaphase ___ Anaphase ___
a) cytoplasm divides  2 cells
b) chromosomes pulled apart
c) growing, copying DNA (g1, s, g2)
d) Chromosomes relax, spindle breaks down, nucleus forms
e) chromosome visible, spindle forms, nucleus breaks down
f) chromosomes in middle
Interphase ___
Prophase ___
Metaphase ___
Anaphase ___
Telophase ___
Cytokinesis ___

20. Sequence Stages of the Cell Cycle

21. Mitosis
(TRUE or FALSE) Mitosis produces identical cells with the exact same DNA.
Label the parts of the chromosome:

22. DNA Gene – section of DNA DNA double helix duplicated chromosome coils
centromere
sister chromatids
supercoils
coils
histone proteins
nucleosome
DNA double helix

23. Asexual/Sexual Reproduction
Produces more cells
Increases chance of species survival
Single-celled organisms (BACTERIA)
Occurs in plants and animals
Offspring genetically different
Offspring genetically same
Increases genetic diversity
Decreases genetic diversity
Produced by ONE parent
Produced by TWO parents
Slower reproductive rate
Faster reproductive rate

24. Asexual/Sexual Reproduction

25. Regulating the Cell Cycle
(TRUE or FALSE) Proteins called cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle.

26. Cancer
_______________________ - uncontrolled growth and division of cells; may form when the cell cycle is not regulated.
_______________________ - large mass of abnormal cells.
(Malignant or Benign) tumors grow & spread slow while (malignant or benign) tumors grow & spread fast to other tissues/organs.
(TRUE or FALSE) Carcinogens cause cancer.

27. Cancer

28. Cell Differentiation
___________________________ - process by which cells become specialized & different.
(TRUE or FALSE) All body cells have the same DNA but during differentiation certain parts of the DNA (genes) are activated to produce cells with specific structures & functions.

29. Stem Cells _______________________ - unspecialized cells.
(T/F) Plants have stem cells.
Two types of stem cells in humans:
_____________________ - found in bone marrow
__________________ - cells 5 days after fertilization
(ethical controversial)

30. Applications of Stem Cells
Study normal cell growth, development, & differentiation.
Research diseases & disorders.
Create synthetic organs.
Research & develop new medicines.
Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies
Stems are a renewable source of replacement cells.