1. Running head: Life of prisoners
Life of prisoners Student Lecturer Course

2. Introduction
Life of prisoners in jails and prison is different. Male and female inmates are different and that is why there is a significant difference in their population in prison and jails. The magnitude of offenses committed by those in state and federal prisons are not the same. The is a big difference between private prisons and non private prisons. Lives of prisoners have changed due to change in prison conditions though there is the existence of violence. Cases of prison litigation have so much increased.

3. Question :A brief comparison of jail and prison inmates
Inmates in jails stays shorter period while inmates in prison stay there for a longer period.
Most inmates in prison committed serious offenses while inmates in jails committed petty offenses , Maruschak, L. M., et al (2015).
Inmates in jails faces hard conditions than inmates in prison
Inmates is prison are much rehabilitated than inmates in jails
Inmates in prison are given more freedom than inmates in jails
Inmates in jails stay for a shorter period of one year maximum while inmates in prison stay for longer period from one year minimum. Inmates in prison are those who actually committed serious offenses while those in the jails are those who committed lesser offenses. Inmates in jails usually faces harsher conditions than inmates in prison and even those in prison as are much rehabilitated through existing rehabilitation programs than those in inmates in jails. Those inmates in jails have more freedom of working within prison facility while those in jails do not have much freedom.

4. Question: A brief comparison of male and female inmates' backgrounds
Male inmates committed serious offenses while female committed petty offenses
Most female inmates committed offense due to their inability to manage stress as male inmates who manage stress much easier.
Most female inmates are not rational offenders but most male inmates are rational offenders and infact most work in gangs, Chesney-Lind, M., & Pasko, L. (2013).
Most male inmates commit offences due to economic factors while female inmates commit offenses due to social factors mostly.
Statistics actually shows that most male inmates committed serious offenses while for female inmates, they committed petty or lesser offenses due to the inability to manage and control stress as male inmates and that is why female population is high than male population. Most female inmates do not carry out cost benefit analysis before committing a crime while more males carry out cost benefit analysis.

5. Question: A brief comparison of state and federal inmates
Those inmates in state prisons are more dangerous than those inmates from federal inmates, Jones, A. (2015).
Inmates in state prison are placed in maximum security prisons while inmates in federal prisons are placed in lower-level security prisons.
State prison houses have more inmates than federal prison due to the difference in policy that is in existence
Those inmates in the state prisons are more violent and much dangerous for example murderous than federal prisons inmates who are involved in crimes such as drug trafficking among others. As a result of this, state prisons place inmates mostly in maximum security prison unlike federal prisons which places inmates in lower security prisons. Inmates in state prisons are much more than inmates in federal prisons due to policy difference

6. Question: The difference between prison life in private and non-private prisons
Life in private prisons is harsher than in non-private prisons because of high rate of assault
Living conditions in private prisons are worse than in non-private prison since private prisons are running it as a business
Those inmates from private prisons have a higher rate of re-offending always as compared with those in non-private prisons.
Those inmates from private prisons face harsh life since the prison organization is after making profit and thus provision of basic needs to inmates is a bigger challenge unlike other inmates from non-profit prisons whose conditions is much better and inmates are treated fairly. Those inmates from private prisons have higher chances of - because of insufficient rehabilitation program unlike those who are from non-private prisons who have lower chances of re-offending.

7. Question: An explanation of how prison life has changed over time
Prison life has changed from inhuman treatment to human treatment
The diet in prison has since improved so much unlike the beginning of prison
Better facilities in prison have been introduced such as beddings that were not there before when prison begun.
Rehabilitation programs have improved and this have a direct impact on the life of the prisoners as this helps them get skills
Inmate security have drastically improved
Inmates were not treated as human before but currently, they are treated as human and are so much valued. Even the diet of prisoners have improved as now days, they get balanced diet unlike before. Inmates were not given beds but currently, there are beddings in prison and even there are more rehabilitation programs in existence currently. There is proper record management in prison in the current generation and the security of inmates are guaranteed.

8. Question: A description of the extent and nature of prison violence
Violence in prison is a common occurrence
Sexual violence in prison is rampant, Scully, D. (2013).
High rate of attempted suicide for offenders with special needs
Prison environment encourages violent behavior
Those who engaged in violence before have a higher rate of doing it again.
How inmates are treated contributes to violence.
Violence in prison is very common due to prison overcrowding and even this also provides conditions for sexual violence. Issues of high rate of attempted suicide are so common in offenders with special needs. A behavior learned is always hard to unlearned and thus offenders who engaged in violence before always have higher chances involving themselves in violence again.

9. Question: A description of the extent and nature of prisoner litigation
There is a significant increase in prisoner litigation in federal courts as most inmates feels that there rights were violated, Schlanger, M. (2015).
Prisoner litigation is common in prison which conditions are very inhuman as those wrongly sentence will have to contest their sentence
There is a law in place which actually restricts prisoner’s litigation because of increase of use as attorneys misuse the clause.
There is the increase use of litigation by the prisoners because of the rights that the prisoners are entitled. This led to formation of law to avert the misuse of the available rights that prisoners are entitled to.

10. Question: Two recommendations that will positively affect the life of prisoners
Separating dangerous prisoners from petty prisoners and also with prisoners with special needs. They should be separated and strict laws be introduced so that prisoners have no other option but to abide by.
Judges should pass a sentence that is just and fair which is according to the law so as to seal litigation avenues. When all those conditions are adhered, then prisoners will not have any avenue of appealing the sentence.
Separation of offenders into three categories will be helpful and thus this should be implemented to assist. Judges should play their role without any injustice to seal loopholes for prisoners’ litigation.

11. Conclusion
Though life of prisoners have so much improved compared with colonial era, still conditions in jails and prison are not much favorable for human health. Jails are even worse than prison. A lot needs to be done so as to improve conditions of jails and prison so that inmates can leave without health and psychological problems. Male offenders are violent and should always be separated from female offenders and more prison be build and policies be changed to encourage non- custodial sentences for petty offender.

12. References
Maruschak, L. M., Berzofsky, M., & Unangst, J. (2015). Medical problems of state and federal prisoners and jail inmates, 2011–12. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Chesney-Lind, M., & Pasko, L. (2013). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime. Sage.
Jones, A. (2015). Education Behind Bars: Comparing Private and State Correctional Facilities
Scully, D. (2013). Understanding sexual violence: A study of convicted rapists. Routledge.
Schlanger, M. (2015). Trends in prisoner litigation, as the PLRA enters adulthood. UC Irvine Law Review,