1. A New World of Many Cultures
Period 1

2. Central and South America
A.D
The Maya
Built cities in the rain forests of the Yucatán Peninsula
Present-day Guatemala, Belize, southern Mexico
The Aztecs
Several centuries after the decline of the Maya
Developed a powerful empire in central Mexico
Tenochtitlán
200,000 people
Incas
Based in Peru
Developed vast empire

3. Central and South America
All three civilizations
Developed highly organized societies
Carried on extensive trade
Created calendars based on accurate scientific observations
Cultivated crops and provided a stable food supply
Corn (Maya and Aztecs)
Potatoes (Inca)

4. North America Native societies
Smaller and less sophisticated than those in Mexico and South America
Northward spread of corn from Mexico
Most people in what is now the U.S. lived in semi-permanent homes in groups of less than 300
Men
Made tools and hunted
Women
Gathered plants and nuts
Grew crops
Corn, beans, tobacco

5. North America: Southwest Settlements
Present-day New Mexico and Arizona
Dry region
Hokokam, Anasazi, Pueblos
supported by farming with irrigation systems
Lived in caves, under cliffs, and in multistory buildings
Faced Extreme drought and other hostile natives

6. North America: Northwest Settlements
Pacific Coast
Present-day Alaska to southern California
Lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses
Rich diet based on hunting, fishing, and gathering nuts, berries, and roots
Tribes were isolated from each other by high mountain ranges
Carved totem poles
To save stories, legends, and myths

7. North America: Great Plains
Most people
Nomadic hunters or sedentary farmers and traders
Nomadic tribes
Lived in tepees
Frames of poles covered in animal skins
Easily disassembled and transported

8. North America: Great Plains
Survived on hunting
Mostly bison
Food, decorations, crafting tools, knives, clothing
Farming tribes
Lived in permanent earthen lodges, usually along rivers
Hunted bison
Raised corn, beans, and squash
Traded with other tribes

9. North America: Great Plains
Acquired horses in the 17th century from the Spanish
Some farming tribes became hunters
Lakota Sioux
Migration was common.
Apaches migrated to Texas.

10. North America: Midwest Settlements
Woodland American Indians
East of the Mississippi River
Rich food supply
Hunting, fishing, agriculture
Adena-Hopewell culture
Present-day Ohio
Famous for earthen mounds

11. North America: Northeast Settlements
Some descendants of the Adena-Hopewell culture spread from the Ohio Valley into New York.
Culture
Combined hunting and farming
Farming
Exhausted the soil quickly so they had to move often

12. North America: Northeast Settlements
Iroquois Confederation
Political union of five independent tribes
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk
Lived in the Mohawk Valley of New York
Matrilineal society & lived in longhouses up to 200 feet long.
A powerful force from the 16th century through the American Revolution

13. North America: Atlantic Seaboard Settlements
New Jersey south to Florida
People of the Coastal Plains
Many descended from the Woodland mound builders
Built timber and bark lodgings along rivers
Rivers and the Atlantic Ocean provided a rich source of food

14. Native Peoples of the Americas, 1491

15. European Exploration: Technology
The Renaissance
Prompted an outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the 15th and 16th centuries
Gunpowder
Sailing compass
Ship building
Map making
Sextant
Invention of the printing press in the 1450s

16. European Exploration: Religious Conflict
The Roman Catholic Church
Threats
Islamic strongholds in Spain conquered
Revolt against the pope’s authority
Protestant Reformation

17. European Exploration: Expanding Trade
Economic motives for exploration
Grew out of competition among European kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, and China

18. Expanding Trade: Slave Trading
Fifteenth century
The Portuguese
Began trading slaves from West Africa
(Sugar production was so profitable that Europeans used slave labor in their later established colonies in the Americas)

19. Expanding Trade: African Resistance
Enslaved Africans
Resisted slavery however they could
Ran away, sabotaged work, revolted
Maintained aspects of their African culture
Music, religion, folkways

20. Early Explorations: Christopher Columbus
Spent eight years seeking financial support to sail west from Europe to the “Indies.”
1492
Won the backing of Isabella and Ferdinand
Agreed to outfit three ships and to make Columbus governor, admiral, and viceroy of all the lands he would claim for Spain

21. Early Explorations: Christopher Columbus
October 12, 1492
Columbus landed on an island in the Bahamas
Glorified in in Spain after that first voyage
Three subsequent voyages across the Atlantic were disappointing.
Found little gold, few spices, no simple path to China and India

22. Christopher Columbus: Legacy
Died in 1506 still believing that he had found a western route to Asia.
Viewed as a failure by many Spaniards
Suspected he had not found a valuable trade route
Critics
Point out the many problems and injustices suffered by the natives of the Americas after Europeans arrived and took over their land
Most historians
Agree Columbus was important
Skilled navigator
Voyages brought about permanent interaction between people from all over the world for the first time in history.
Changed the world forever

23. Columbian Exchange
Resulted from contact between Europeans and the original inhabitants of the Americas
Transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time
Europeans
Learned about many new plants and foods
Beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco
Contracted a new disease
Syphilis
Introduced to the Americas
Sugarcane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron tools, guns
Germs and diseases
Smallpox and measles

24. Spanish Exploration and Conquest
Encomienda system
Instituted by the Spanish after seizing the wealth of the Indian empires.
The king of Spain gave grants of land and natives to individual Spaniards.
Indians had to farm or work in the mines.
Fruits of their labor went to their Spanish masters
European diseases and brutality of masters reduced the native population

25. Spanish Exploration and Conquest
Asiento system
System under which the Spanish brought enslaved people from West Africa
Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas