1. Buffalo and Outlaws Chapter 18 Lesson 3
All of the following information came from the McGrawHill Teacher Edition Texas History Book
All the images are found off of Google Images

2. Buffalo Soldiers Fight the Last Battles
General Sherman toured Texas in 1871 at the time of the Warren Wagon Trail Raid, about 20 soldiers went with him. Seventeen were African Americans from the Tenth Calvary stationed at Fort Sill. The force was sent to make the area of Texas safe for new settlers.

3. Write QUESTION #1 and QUESTION #2
1.During the Civil War, about 180,000 African Americans fought in _____ units for the Union Army.
2.African American soldiers serving in the West were called _____ by the Native Americans.

4. Soldiers on the Frontier
African Americans fought in segregated units for the Union Army during the Civil War. The soldiers showed considerable combat skills. Native Americans called them “buffalo soldiers”. This was a sign of respect for their fighting ability

5. African American Troops on the Frontier
Buffalo soldiers serving in Texas were stationed in a former slaveholding state. The buffalo soldiers were not always treated fairly by the army, either. They were given poor quality horses and supplies.
Despite these difficulties, the buffalo soldiers served well. They performed a variety of duties, patrolling the frontier and building roads and forts. They fought in nearly every battle in West Texas and along the Rio Grande, and were known for their fighting skills.

6. QUESTION #3
3.One of the last campaigns involving African American soldiers was to locate and defeat Apache raiders led by _____.

7. Pursuing Victorio
One of the last campaigns involving the buffalo soldiers was against Victorio, an Apache leader. In 1877 the terrible conditions on an Arizona reservation prompted Victorio to begin raiding settlements along the Rio Grande in both the United States and Mexico.
Buffalo soliders commanded by Colonel Grierson and Colonel Hatch were given the job to locate and defeat Victorio

8. GRIERSON FOUND VICTORIO
In early 1880, Grierson led his men on a 1,500 – mile march in search of Victorio. They located the Apache fighters near the Guadalupe Mountains. The two sides fought nearly a three-hour battle before the Native Americans fled south to Mexico.
Finally, Mexican soldiers found and trapped Victorio, killing him and all his men in October 1880.

9. QUESTION #4 and #5
4.Aside from Native Americans, Texas settlers in the 1870s were threatened by Civil War army _____. 5._____ carried out robberies and other crimes in the Rio Grande area.

10. Outlaws Along the Rio Grande
Native Americans were not the only danger threatening Texas settlers in the 1870s. Outlaws wandered the countryside especially along the Rio Grande, where law enforcement lacked.
Civil War army deserters often roamed the area, and renegades carried out robberies and other crimes.

11. QUESTION #6
6.The Texas state government sent the _____ to the Rio Grande area in 1874 to fight outlaws there.

12. The Texas Rangers
The state government sent Texas Rangers to the area in 1874 to fight the outlaws. The Rangers carried out their work vigorously and sometimes cruelly.
In Brownsville after a ranger was killed others commanded by Captain L. H. McNelly dumped the bodies of 12 cattle rustlers in the town square as a warning to other outlaws.

13. Acts of the Rangers
In 1875 some Rangers illegally crossed into Mexico to retrieve stolen cattle. There they fought Mexican citizens and soldiers. Some historians believe that the Rangers committed a number of illegal acts, especially against Mexican Americans.

14. QUESTION #7
7._____ led a band that tried to protect the rights of Mexicans and Tejanos along the border.

15. Mexican Hero?
One man who often clashed with the officers of the law was Juan Cortina. Cortina was a Mexican who led a band that tried to protect the rights of Mexicans and Tejanos along the border. Many families in the area viewed Cortina as a hero. The Rangers believed he regularly stole cattle in Texas and took them to Mexico. The Mexican was forced by the pressure of the U.S. government to arrest Cortina in 1875.

16. WRITE QUESTIONS #8, #9, #10
8.In the late 1800s, the only Native American reservation in Texas was the _____ Indian Reservation just east of Houston. 9.In the 1900s, the ____ Reservation in El Paso County was established. 10.The expansion of _____ in the state made it easier for more settlers to reach West Texas.

17. Changes in West Texas
The West Texas wars and the ever-increasing number of settlers from the east caused great changes in Texas. The number of white settlers tripled in the two decades between 1870 and 1890 from 565,000 to 1,746,000. During the same time, the Native American population decreased dramatically.

18. Reservations
The remaining Native Americans were confined to reservations outside of Texas. The only reservation in Texas was the Alabama – Coushatta Indian Reservation northeast of Houston.
In the 1900s, the Tigua Reservation in El Paso County and the Kickapoo Reservation southeast of Eagle Pass were established within Texas.

19. Expansion in the West
Between 1873 and 1891, railroad lines in Texas increased in length from about 1,000 miles to 9,000 miles. This expansion made it easier for more settlers to reach West Texas.
By the 1890s, the look of Texas had changed permanently. Many cities such as Wichita Falls, Vernon, Sweetwater and Abilene were founded across the Texas Plains, Native Americans were rarely seen.