1. سبکهاي طراحي (Design Styles)

2. Cell-based (Std-cell, Macrocell) Array-based (MPGA-FPGA)
سبکهاي طراحي
Performance
Semi-custom
Cell-based (Std-cell, Macrocell)
Array-based (MPGA-FPGA)

3. Full-Custom

4. Full-Custom Design Layout editors Very compact chip
Highly optimized electrical properties
Laborious efforts
Layout editors
Error-prone
Relative lack of automation
Useful for microprocessors/FPGAs
High cost of design efforts
Huge volumes
Strict Performance/area/… constraints

5. Standard Cell Design Vdd Vdd IN2 IN2 IN1 OUT OUT IN1 IN1 OUT IN2 GND
Contact
Metal layer
Vdd
IN2
Poly layer
IN2
IN1
OUT
OUT
Diffusion layer
IN1
p-type transistor
IN1
OUT
IN2
GND
n-type transistor
GND

6. Standard Cell
Channelled vs, Channelless.

7. Layout with Macrocells
Simple:
A few standard-cells
Complex:
Embedded processor
Memory block

8. Top-Level Assembly
RAM/ROM
Row based Control Logic
Row based CPU

9. Gate Array

10. Uncommitted Gate Array

11. Committed Gate Array

12. Gate Array and Sea-of-Gates
Channeled gate arrays:
Cells arranged in rows
Space left between routing
Channel-less gate arrays:
aka sea-of-gates
Cells cover the entire chip
Routing done over the unused devices

13. Structured ASIC Customized using only metallization layers
Came in 2003
Like channel-less gate arrays
Similarity:
Customized using only metallization layers
 Reduces time and cost of generating remaining masks used to complete the device
Difference:
More complex tiles (LUT, MUX, …)
 Most of metallization layers are predefined
Lower performance and higher power (than standard cell) but better than GA

14. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

15. FPGA LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB
Logic Element LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB
Switchbox
Connection SB SB SB LB SB SB SB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB SB SB SB SB SB SB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB LB
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16. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

17. FPGA Placement & Routing

18. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

19. Comparison of Design Styles
Macrocell

20. Comparison of Design Styles
Macrocell