1. Policing and Crime

2. The State, Power, and Violence
State: Monopoly on Violence
Monopoly maintained by state’s authority (legitimized power): Police, Military, Laws, Policy, etc.
Private property, self-defense, justified violence
Contradictive to enlightenment values of personal sovereignty

4. Policing is a practice
Policing is something that is enacted by social players within society to different degrees
Policing is conceptualized, understood, and reproduced through cultural means
Police: Occupy space of activity and practice where violence and/or potential for violence meets and influences the order of the every day
Consider the police line. A symbol that demarcates a specified space to a set of temporary and abnormal rules and standards.

5. Policing as a set of Relations
Policing is done differently in every context on a macro and micro scale
Current policing practice is influenced by contextual and global history
Policing creates a spontaneous polity with its own influences and rules, laws, etc.

6. Insecurity in Rio Rio de Janiero: Police in Favelas
War Metaphor and Militarized Space
Police disrupt and interrupt the order of daily life in favelas: direct violence, corruption, drug dealers, illegal behavior, unpredictable

7. The uncertainty of the police in the favelas ‘otherizes’ police
Dis/order: Maintaining the power relations and a more complex ‘order’ through interruptions and disorder
The uncertainty of the police in the favelas ‘otherizes’ police
‘Policify’ not ‘prisonize’: Favela police contribute to feeling of dis/order and anxiety and affect daily life and experience
The police help “abnormalize” favela life
What role doe the favelas play in globalization for Brazil? World cup? Favela tour?

8. Paris Banlieues: densely populated suburbs
High African and Arab populations
Anti-crime squads
Preemptive assumptions of danger
Stark differentiation between residents, police, and law abiding civilians

10. ethnic profiling and stereotyping are not absent among the BAC
Notions of criminality are ascribed along ethnic, class, and national lines
The BAC nurtures a harsh, almost paranoid environment of xenophobia, racism, and hypermasculinity

11. Policing: A Group Effort
Policing is practiced at most, if not all parts of society to some extent

12. Policing Meth Policing extended to other societal spheres
Policing through policy and regulation
Cooperation of people from every sector
Surveillance, Observation, Communication, Enforcement

13. Policing and Police: Publicly Realized
Public reinforcement of law
Socially realized and legitimized power
Police’ positions are understood, realized, and reinforced by the society in which they practice.
Context is important

15. Resistance? Question power and legitimacy
Formally and informally constituted values and norms
Question of efficiency and goals of policing
Definitions of criminality, morals, values, ethics, etc.
Resistance: Intentional criminality? Organized crime? Is there a way to resist policing practices that is legal and/or uncriminal?

16. Policing Boundaries, Markets, and States
Concept of criminality is influenced by shifting relationship between capital, governance, and the state
Policing is a mode of managing crime, practiced by civilians and police alike
Various overlapping and shifting jurisdictions and authorities
Durkheim: Crime is a way to identify, reproduce, and reinforce norms
Shifting boundaries and changing forms of the nation-state, its privatization, and its expanding competition within the corporate sector.

17. So what does crime look like these days?
The massive global illicit market. The idea of international criminals. Wars on drugs, crime, and terrorism. Cybercrime.

18. Policing in the Western World mid 17th to late 18th century
Interstate competition
Police states
“Police” meant something different

19. Policing in the Western World
Population size
Life necessities
Health
Activity of population
Circulation of goods
Police regulated everything
Maximize the well being of the nation and its people: its “splendor”
Polizeiwissenschaft (police science)

20. Policing in the Western World
Shift in economic ideology and reason
Liberal market values
Jobs of the police changed

21. Policing in the U.S. Slave patrols and night watches
Protect economic practices and property from invaders and thiefs

22. Policing in the U.S.
Lower social classes and wages -> illicit economic mobility
Slavery outlawed except for as a form of punishment
Policing “matter out of place” & idleness

23. Policing in the U.S. Responsibility to “civilized life”
four major components to understanding of crime
Crime affects labor, property, and production
There are often “types” who commit crime for whatever reason (class & race)
Crime is a major sin against liberal society
Policing must be extended to all places of disorder