1. Review

2. Sensory neuron - carries messages from the senses to the CNS.
Review
Sensory neuron - carries messages from the senses to the CNS.
Motor neuron - carries messages from the CNS to the muscles.
Interneuron - receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons.
Interneurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain.

3. Review

5. Looking Inside the Living Brain

6. How to Study Brain Study healthy humans
Study humans with brain damage.
Study animals.
Animals are anesthetized.
Purposefully damage part of animal's brain (lesion) to study that area scientifically.
Test the animal to see what has happened to its abilities.

7. Peeking Inside the Brain
Computed tomography (CT)
Brain-imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods.

8. Peeking Inside the Brain
Positron emission tomography (PET) Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity.
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain.

9. Peeking Inside the Brain
Brain Scan Video

10. Older Brain Structures

11. Older Brain Structures The Brainstem & Thalamus

12. The medulla is at the top of the spinal column
The medulla is at the top of the spinal column. It controls life-sustaining functions such as breathing and swallowing. The nerves from each side of the body also cross over in this structure to opposite sides.

13. The pons is above the medulla and acts as a bridge between the lower part of the brain and the upper part. It influences sleep, dreaming, arousal, and coordination of movement on the left and right sides of the body.

14. The combination of the Medulla and the Pons make up what is called the Brainstem.

15. The reticular formation runs through the medulla and the pons and controls our general level of attention and arousal.

16. The thalamus sits atop the brainstem and is the sensory control center
The thalamus sits atop the brainstem and is the sensory control center. It receives information from all the senses (except smell) and routes it to the higher brain regions.

17. Thalamus: like a massive intersection

18. Older Brain Structures The Cerebellum
The “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance, enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

19. Sometimes these Older brain structures are referred to as the Hindbrain.

20. Older Brain Structures
All of the Old Brain functions occur without conscious effort.
Our brain processes most information outside of our awareness.

21. Assignment: Psychology – 1:
Label and define the functions of the hindbrain from the 5.2 graphic
AP Psychology:
Draw a picture of the old brain structure. Label and define the functions of each part.

22. The Limbic System

23. The Limbic System
Doughnut-shaped neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Associated with emotions and drives.

24. The Limbic System The Hippocampus
Curved structure located within each temporal lobe Responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects.

25. The Limbic System The Amygdala
Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system
Linked to emotion
Fear
Aggression

26. The Limbic System The Amygdala
Stimulate the amygdala in one spot, a cat will engage in fight-or-flight activity. Stimulate in a different spot, it will be afraid of just about anything. Amygdala Video

27. The Limbic System The Hypothalamus
Located below (hypo) the thalamus. Directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature). Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
Linked to emotion and reward.

28. Remembering the Limbic System
ypothalamus A
mygdala T
halamus
Hippo
campus

29. Play Dough Brain
Open your can of playdough. Follow the directions to create the portions of the brain we have been studying. Be careful about mixing colors, other classes will use this same play dough.

30. Step 1:
Brain Stem
Does many things such as helps us to breathe, controls our heart beat and regulates our temperature.
Make a short sausage that has a little bulge in the front (the pons). This is the inner-most piece of the brain.

31. Step 2:
Cerebellum
It is partly responsible for controlling movement and posture (standing, sitting, lying). It may also store some of our rote memories - things that we practice over and over.
There are 2 cerebellums joined together in the middle but we will show them cut open so that you can see the inside. Try to make the pattern inside the cerebellum with a pencil.

32. Step 3:
Hippocampus
This is home to our short-term memory. It is also the brain's librarian, knowing where to find memories.
Make a slug shape then curl it around the top of the brain stem. You can put notches in it with a pencil if you wish.

33. Step 4:
Corpus Collosum
This joins the 2 halves of our brain together, letting the left side communicate with the right.
Make an upside-down smile and place it around the top of the hippocampus.

34. Step 5:
Cerebrum
This is the largest piece. It stores long term memories and makes sense of the information coming from our ears and eyes. It is also responsible for problem solving.
This is the hardest piece to build. Try rolling thin sausages and placing them around the outside of the corpus collosum. Make sure the outside shape is about right.

35. Step 6:
Thalamus
The brain’s relay station or telephone exchange. Most information from the outside world passes through here.
Make a big blob and place it inside the hippocampus. Try not to leave a gap around it.

36. Step 7:
Amygdala
This part controls fear and anger. It tells our bodies how to react in situations where we are scared or angry.
Make a small almond shape and place it in front of the pons, below the hippocampus.