1. Devesh Rohra, Wiley Zhang, Kiersten Kalua, Naduki Moriya
interviews
Devesh Rohra, Wiley Zhang,
Kiersten Kalua, Naduki Moriya

2. Consideration Before An Interview
Data Collection Method and Establishing an Interview Guide
Choice of interview based on aim, time, and resources
Interview method should capture quality of people's ideas, interpretations, and understanding of a situation
Interviewer
Consider gender, ethnicity, language, and age
Participants should feel comfortable and the language in the interview is understandable; training of interviewers to have professional approach is important
Sampling and Sampling Method
Consider selection criteria for participants
Decide sampling method; should depend on research topic but qualitative research uses purposive sample often due to the focus on people which similar experiences
Data Recording
Decide recording methods (consider strengths and limits); best to audiotape a semi-structured interview so interviewer can focus on the interaction with participants
Transcription of data
Verbatim transcript (word-by-word text) is enough to perform thematic analysis
Post modern transcripts features laughs, pauses, incomplete sentences, smile, interruptions, etc.
Ethical Considerations
Is the research socially sensitive?
Does the research involve emotional stress?
How will informed consent and briefing be addressed?
Reflexivity
Consider researcher's interest and position in the research and how it is addressed

3. Considerations During an Interview
Establishing a rapport between interviewer and participants: A trusting open relationship is the best way to have participants talk freely.
Data Recording: Make sure that technical equipment functions properly from the start of the interview so that the interviewer can concentrate on the participant.
Active and neutral listening: Ask questions clearly and be an active listener. Do not interrupt the respondent, and be neutral. Also ensure that participants have the opportunity to explain their own views to prevent bias such as “participant expectation or researcher bias.
Professional approach: If participants want to withdraw in the middle of the interview, they should be allowed to leave (even though data is lost).

4. Considerations After an Interview
Debriefing
Participants must b informed about the results of the research and have the rights to withdraw their data
Confidentiality and Anonymity
Participants should be unidentifiable; since participant's own words are used as documentation for interpretation, their names must be changed
Credibility Check
Peer Review to check interpretation
Consult participants about analysis and interpretation of the data
Specific Consent to use data, photos, etc.
All data in the study should only be used if there is specific consent from participants; destruction of videos and photos after a study to ensure anonymity, but there are exceptions

5. BASIC OVERVIEW Used as an alternative to semi-structured interviews
Consists of 6-10 people who are interviewed at the same time
Facilitator introduces participants to each other, asks questions, and leads group interaction
Participants are to interaction with one another just as in real life; use of own language; anyone can participate, even those who are illiterate
Participants discuss and respond to each other's statements; gives special dynamics to interview and generates rich data

6. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS
Quick way to collect data from multiple participants simultaneously
Provides natural setting for interaction between participants; conversational approach may result in more ecological validity than semi-structured interview
Useful in sensitive issues because people are more likely to reveal how they think and why the experience what they do
Raise ethical issues when participants are not free
Presence of others may result in group dynamics such as conformity, skewing the data
Participants may not want to disclose private information

7. Narrative Interview What is it?
Individual interpretations of the world told by people in a story-like way
How is data analyzed?
While analyzing this kind of data is difficult, researchers suggest looking for patterns, themes, regularities, contrasts, paradoxes
Heavy focus on meaning

8. Characteristics of a Narrative Interview...
Mix of facts and interpretations of experiences
Interviewer asks questions such as; "Could you tell me of the time when..." or, "And then what happened?"
Interviewer does not interrupt during the interview
Often constructed like a real story with a beginning, middle, end
Can be based on a life story or a situation

9. Narrative Interview Strengths Limitations
Useful way to gain in-depth understanding of how meaning is constructed for people
Can be used with all people (can talk freely)
May be more useful in sensitive issues (gives insight to how people think and why)
Time consuming to analyze data
Narratives may go in any direction (participant decides what to say)
Possible ethical issues

10. Semi-structured Interview
Basic Overview
interview schedule with specified questions but more informal and flexible
guide giving themes to explore (check list to avoid making the theme go off in tangent, but the order, wording and depth of questions are flexible)
open and close-ended questions
face to face

11. Semi-structured Interview
Strengths
Limitations
possible to maintain focus of interview but flexible and more freedom
themes are already decided before the interview
can get in-depth knowledge
useful in socially sensitive issues (themes can be fully explored)
data analysis is very time consuming
cannot explore themes that have been not planned beforehand
one to one situation = somewhat artificial and may raise issues of ecological validity

12. Example Study -Totten-
Aim:
to investigate how young girlfriend abuses used violence to construct their masculinity
Participants:
30 abusive adolescent males in Canada
15.6 years old
boyfriends had pro-abusive beliefs, masculine ideals, and admitted to using violence towards their girlfriends
dropped out of school early
Finding:
similar backgrounds
influenced violent behaviour in the family = thought violence as justified/ necessary
fathers = violence to control family members
21 people adopted violent behaviour