1. Biomolecules, Enzymes, Cell Structure, Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
DAY 1
Biomolecules, Enzymes, Cell Structure, Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

2. Day # 1 (MONDAY) : CONCEPTS: biomolecules, Enzymes, Cell Structure, Prokaryote/Eukaryote   1. Pass out review packets and Folders 2. Biomolecule cards :oral review, and then manipulatives 3. Packet # Enzymes: review the parts, activation energy, etc 5. Packet # Prokaryote/ Prokaryote T-Chart 7. Packet # MOC STAAR Questions: 11, 26, 46, 37

3. Biomolecules What are the 4 Biomolecules?
Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen (CHO)?
Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen (CHON)?
Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Phosphorus (CHONP)?

4. Monomers & Polymers
Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a macromolecule is called a monomer.
The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many of these subunits.
Monomer: one basic unit or subunit
Polymer: a chain of many basic units

5. Carbohydrates

6. Carbohydrates: Structure
Carbohydrates are made up of…
Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars (or monosaccharides)
Ex.: glucose
Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates (or polysaccharides)
Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars bonded together

7. Carbohydrates: Function
Provide body with energy!
What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta?
Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy
Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy
*We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or roughage instead.
Ex. : corn
Complex carb (ex. Starch)
Broken down to disaccharides
Broken down further
Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

8. Carbohydrates: Food Sources
Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.
Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

9. Lipids: Structure Lipids are made up of…
Monomer (basic unit): fatty acids
Polymer (chain of units): lipids
Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids

10. Lipids: Function Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure
Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)
Long-term energy storage

11. Lipids: Food Sources
As you might have guessed, fatty foods contain lipids.
Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avacados, eggs & nuts.

12. Proteins

13. Proteins: Structure Proteins are made up of… Monomer (basic unit):
amino acids
20 different kinds!*
Polymer (chain of units): protein
More specifically- polypeptides
dipeptide
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

14. Proteins: Function Build and repair muscle and tissues
“No pain, no gain!”
Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions

15. Proteins: Food Sources
Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.
There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.

16. Nucleic Acids

17. Nucleic Acids: Structure
Nucleic Acids are made up of…
Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides
Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA

18. Nucleic Acids: Function
Stores and carries genetic information

19. Nucleic Acids: Food Sources
We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).

20. Digestion & Reconstruction
When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers).
Analogy: taking apart an old brick building
Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need.
Analogy: using bricks to build a new building

21. Digestion Products Macromolecule eaten: (Polymer)
Broken down in stomach to: (Monomer)
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars (i.e. glucose)
Lipids
Fatty acids & glycerol (glycerol further broken down to glucose)
Proteins
Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides

22. Biomolecule Manipulatives- Take out the cards out of the bag
Biomolecule Manipulatives- Take out the cards out of the bag. Match them up based on the 4 different Biomolecules. Line the Title cards at the top of your desk Carbs, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acid

23. Biomolecules Review Questions

24. Question
Can you compare Polymers and Monomers?

25. Answer
Polymers are large molecules made of smaller molecules. Monomers are the smaller molecules.

26. Question
What is the monomer for a Protein?

27. Answer
Amino Acids

28. Question
What is the role of Carbohydrates

29. Answer
Main Source of Energy

30. Question
Which elements are found in Biomolecules?

31. Answer
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)

32. What are some examples of Lipids?
Question
What are some examples of Lipids?

33. Answer
Fats, Oils and Waxes

34. Polymer
1 CARBOHYDRATE
2. LIPID
3. PROTEIN
4. NUCLEIC ACID
Monomer
Monosaccharides
Fatty acids and Glycerol
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Elements
C, H, O
C, H, O, N, S
C, H, O, N, P
Example Monomer Structure
Example Polymer Structure
Food Examples
Sugars and starches
Fats, Oils, Waxes
Meat, eggs, milk, beans, nuts
All food
Functions
Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel for cells
Short term energy source
Lipids store large amounts of energy
Long term energy source
Insulation
Make up biological membranes
A protein’s function depends on its unique sequence of amino acids.
Some are enzymes
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.

35. GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET…
Complete # 1-11

36. Polymer
1 CARBOHYDRATE
2. LIPID
3. PROTEIN
4. NUCLEIC ACID
Monomer
Monosaccharides
Fatty acids and Glycerol
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Elements
C, H, O
C, H, O, N, S
C, H, O, N, P
Example Monomer Structure
Example Polymer Structure
Food Examples
Sugars and starches
Fats, Oils, Waxes
Meat, eggs, milk, beans, nuts
All food
Functions
Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel for cells
Short term energy source
Lipids store large amounts of energy
Long term energy source
Insulation
Make up biological membranes
A protein’s function depends on its unique sequence of amino acids.
Some are enzymes
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.

37. 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 10
5. A 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 10. Both are forms of energy (Carbs are short term energy and Lipids are stored energy) and they both have the elements C, H, O 11.Monomer is a building block of polymers. Polymers are made up of many monomers. Biomolecules are Polymers and they are made up of many monomers.

38. Enzymes… Are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
A Catalyst is anything that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Cells use enzymes to speed up reactions necessary for life. For example – breaking down biomolecules in food, and synthesizing new molecules,

39. Enzymes almost always end in “ase”
Quick Note:
Enzymes almost always end in “ase”
e.g. Catalase, Amalase, Lactase

40. Enzymes are biological Catalysts!
A Catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy.
Activation Energy is the energy required to initiate a reaction

41. Substrate
The substance changed or acted on by an enzyme is called a substrate.
Enzymes have highly SPECIFIC substrates.

42. Enzymes are proteins… and their structure determines their function
But HOW are enzymes paired with the right substrate?
Enzymes are proteins…
and their structure determines their function

43. All enzymes have an ACTIVE SITE
The active site is where the substrate binds to the enzyme.
Though the substrate is changed during a reaction, the Enzyme is not. It can be used again and again!

44. The Enzyme Substrate complex
Enzymes only function if their substrate can fit in or around the active site.
The active site’s shape must match the substrate’s shape.
After a reaction, the substrate is changed but the Enzyme is not.

45. Which one will fit ?

46. ENZYMES HELP US GET ENERGY FROM FOOD! Major Digestive Enzymes
Produced In
Acts On
Carbohydrate Digestion
Salivary Amylase
Maltase
Lactase
Celluase
Salivary Glands
Small Intestine
Appendix
Starch
Maltose
Lactose
Cellulose
Protein Digestion
Pepsin
Trypsin
Peptidases
Gastric Glands
Pancreas
Proteins
Fat Digestion
Lipase
Fat

47. GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET…
Complete # 12-13

48. Label the following Diagram below:
12) Label the image below with the following terms: active site, reactant, enzyme.
B……………….....
A………..…
C…….…...……… +

49. + Label the following Diagram below:
12) Label the image below with the following terms: active site, reactant, enzyme.
B. Active Site
A. Enzyme.
C. Substrate +

50. different catalysts function the same amino acids activation energy
13. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the words in the box below.
different catalysts function the same amino acids activation energy
a) Enzymes are biological CATALYSTS that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
b) Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made up of long chains of AMINO ACIDS.
c) The sequence and type of amino acids are DIFFERENT in each protein, so they produce enzymes with many different shapes and functions.
d) The shape of an enzyme is very important to its FUNCTION.
e) Enzymes lower the ACTIVATION ENERGY.

51. a. substrate b. product c. enzyme d. complex
30. This diagram shows an enzyme-substrate complex. Which is represented by Structure X?
a. substrate b. product c. enzyme d. complex

52. CELLS

53. A. All Living things are composed of cells
The Cell Theory A THEORY is a well-tested explanation that is based on observations
A. All Living things are composed of cells
Cells can be:
1)unicellular (one cell)
2)multicellular (many cells)

54. Cell Theory cont…
B. Cells are the basic units of living things

55. Cell theory cont…
C . New cells are produced from existing cells

56. There are 2 types of cells
EUKARYOTE
PROKARYOTE

57. What do you notice about these cells? similarities or differences
Eukaryotes
DNA
Prokaryotes

58. On your desk Write a Venn Diagram. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

59. What does Prokaryote (pro-KAR-ee-othts) mean?
Pro = before karyon = nucleus
Does not contain a nucleus

60. Example of Prokaryote: Bacteria
There are many different types of bacteria
Some can cause disease
Some recycle important natural resources through decomposition
Some bacteria is used to make food, such as milk products

61. Actual Prokaryotic Cells

62. What does Eukaryotes (yoo-KAR-ee-ohts) mean?
Eu = true
karyon = nucleus
Does contain a nucleus
Examples: Animals, plants, fungi, and protists

63. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM BELOW!
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Both Eukaryotes
Smaller
Larger
type of cell
Include bacteria
Found in humans
Lack nucleus
Contain DNA
Nucleus
Lack organelles
Contain Organelles
Mostly unicellular organisms
microscopic
Complex
outer membrane
Simple
Mostly multicellular organisms

64. Which organism listed is a prokaryote? protist bacterium fungus plant
7-1
QUESTION 2
Which organism listed is a prokaryote?
protist
bacterium
fungus
plant
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

65. GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET…
Complete # 14-27

66. 14. Bacteria 15. Plant 16. Animal 17. Prokaryote 18. Eukaryote 19
14. Bacteria 15. Plant 16. Animal 17. Prokaryote 18. Eukaryote 19. Eukaryote 20. Prokaryotic 21. Eukaryotic 22. Eukaryotic 23. Bacteria 24. DNA 25. Small & Simple 26. Large & Complex 27. Cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole

67. MOC STAAR QUESTIONS
11, 26, 46, 37