1. Presolar Grains & Meteorites
Peter Hoppe
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz
Workshop on Nuclear Astrophysics in Germany
Darmstadt, November 15/16, 2016

2. Introduction (I)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Isotopic studies are important tools in cosmochemical research
Extraterrestrial material with high relevance for nuclear astrophysics: Presolar grains
Presolar grains:
nm- to mm-sized refractory grains
Found in small quantities in primitive meteorites, IDPs, and cometary matter
Older than our Solar System
Formation in the winds of evolved stars or in the ejecta of stellar explosions
Large isotopic anomalies
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.

3. Presolar Grains: Path from Stars to the Laboratory
Introduction (II)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Presolar Grains: Path from Stars to the Laboratory
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.

4. Introduction (III) Introduction Techniques Isotopes Prospects
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.

5. Supernova Grains from Meteorites
Introduction (IV)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Supernova Grains from Meteorites
SiC X
MPIC
SiC C
MPIC
Hibonite
L. Nittler
Graphite
S. Amari
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.

6. Astrophysical Information
Introduction (V)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Astrophysical Information
Stellar nucleosynthesis und evolution
Mixing in SN ejecta
Galactic chemical evolution
Circumstellar dust formation
Chemical and physical processes in the ISM
Types of stars that contributed dust to the Solar System
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.

7. Measurement Techniques
Techniques (I)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Measurement Techniques
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS)
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) / Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Atom Probe Tomography (APT)
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.

8. Techniques (II) NanoSIMS Ion Probe
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
NanoSIMS Ion Probe
Permits isotope measurements with high spatial resolution (down to 50 nm)
High useful yields (detected ions/sputtered atoms) up to the % range for certain elements
Simultaneous detection of up to 7 isotopes
Ion imaging capabilities
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.

9. Isotope Measurements (I)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
C and N Isotopes in Presolar SiC
Mainstream (90%): M AGB stars, solar metallicity
Type Y & Z (a few %): M AGB stars, sub-solar metallicity
Nova ( 0.1%)
Type A & B (a few %): J-type C stars
Born-again AGB stars
Supernovae
Type X & C (1-2%): Supernovae
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.
(Data source: WU Presolar Grain Data Base)

10. Isotope Measurements (II)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Silicon Isotopes in Presolar SiC
Open Issues:
Heavy Si + heavy C in SN C grains?
Si component with d29Si = -800 ‰ and d30Si = ‰
Why have MS and AB grains the same Si systematics?
Origin of “Nova” grains?
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.
(Data source: WU Presolar Grain Data Base)

11. Isotope Measurements (III)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Supernova Models
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.
Pignatari et al. (2015)

12. Isotope Measurements (IV)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
O Isotopes in Presolar Oxides and Silicates
Open Issues:
Why so few 16O-rich SN grains?
How to produce 18O-rich oxide/silicate SN grains?
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.
(Data source: WU Presolar Grain Data Base)

13. Analytical Approaches
Future Prospects (I)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Analytical Approaches
NanoSIMS ion imaging: Find rare grains for in-depth isotope studies (e.g., SiC SN and nova grains)
CHILI (improved RIMS instrument) at University of Chicago: Measure isotopic compositions of heavy elements with high spatial resolution (<50 nm)
Atom probe tomography for isotope & elemental abundance studies at even smaller scales?
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.

14. Presolar Grains in Context of Nuclear Astrophysics
Future Prospects (II)
Introduction
Techniques
Isotopes
Prospects
Presolar Grains in Context of Nuclear Astrophysics
Stimulate measurement of specific nuclear reaction rates (e.g., Si production in SNe)
Nucleosynthetic constraints for stellar models (e.g. new Pignatari SN models)
How to produce dust in SN environments
Astronomical observations: Which dust types in SN ejecta?
MPI for Chemistry
Particle Chem. Dep.