1. Assignment-3 Classification of MicrobesBy
Ms. Neha S. Raut
Assistant Professor
Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy,
New Kamptee, Nagpur.

2. Syllabus Alexander Fleming, Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur,
Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology-I (3T5)
1. Introduction to Microbiology
Scope and applications to Pharmaceuticals,
Whittaker‟s five kingdom concept,
classification of microbes into bacteria, rickettsia, actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses.
Historical developments – contributions of
Alexander Fleming,
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek,
Louis Pasteur,
Robert Koch
Paul Ehrlich.

3. 2. Microscopy
Principle and applications of compound,
Dark-field,
phase contrast and
fluorescence microscope.
Different parts of compound microscope,
resolving power,
magnification power,
numerical aperture and
working distance.
Electron microscopy – SEM and TEM

4. 3. Microbiology of Bacteria
Size, shape and arrangement, structure of bacterial cell, reproduction, growth, growth requirements, growth curve, culture media, measurements of bacterial growth, colony characteristics, methods for isolation.
Identification and preservation of microbial cultures.
Genetics –
DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, transposons, plasmids. Mutation- Types of mutation, mutagenic agents.
Recombination in bacteria –
conjugation, transformation and transduction,
Replica plate technique.
4. Microbiology of fungi
Introduction, classification, nutrition and reproduction

5. 5. Microbiology of Viruses
Introduction, general properties, structure,
bacteriophage – lytic growth cycle and lysogeny.
Human viruses –
cultivation and
multiplication,
quantitative détermination.
6. Microbial diseases (Etiology, pathophysiology, transmission, prevention and treatment)
Bacterial and viral diseases i.e.
Tuberculosis, AIDS, Leprosy, Syphilis, Influenza, Typhoid, Malaria. Cholera.
Fungal infections.

6. Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria
eubacteria (“true” bacteria)
domain Bacteria
Archaeabacteria
domain Archaea
Single-celled members of domain Eukarya.
Protozoa
Microscopic Algae
Microscopic Fungi
Viruses

7. Types: Bacteria
Description: eubacteria, archaeabacteria, Gram-negative, Gram-positive, acid fast, cyanobacteria
Types: procaryotes, absorbers, wet conditions, animal decomposers, cell walls, unicellular
Nutrient Type: chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs
Durable state: endospores (some)
Diseases: tetanus, botulism, gonorrhea, chlamydia, tuberculosis, etc., etc., etc.

8. Rob-Shaped Bacteria

9. Spherical Bacteria

10. Spiral-Shaped Bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochete:

11. Types: Cyanobacteria Description: blue-green algae
Types: photosynthetic aquatic procaryotes, green lake scum, cell walls
Nutrient Type: photoautotrophs
Diseases: none

12. Types: Algae
Description: photosynthetic aquatic eucaryotes, cell walls, both unicellular and multicellular types
Types: brown, red, green, diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids
Nutrient Type: photoautotrophs
Diseases: Some poisonings associated with unicellular types: Alexandrium causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Dinophysis causes Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) [some would describe some as protists]

13. Types: Fungi
Description: yeasts (unicellular fungi), molds (filamentous fungi)
Types: eucaryotes, absorbers, dry conditions, plant decomposers, cell walls, ~100 human pathogens
Nutrient Type: chemoheterotrophs
Durable state: spores
Diseases: mycoses: candida, ringworm (pictured), athlete's foot, jock itch, etc.

14. Types: Helminths
Description: Flatworms (platyhelminths), roundworms (nematodes)
Types: metazoan (multicellular animal) parasites, engulfers and absorbers
Nutrient Type: chemoheterotrophs
Durable state:?
Diseases:trichinosis, hook worm, tape worm (pictured are scolex-heads of), etc.

15. Types: Protozoa (Protists)
Description: Unicellular and slime molds, flagellates, ciliates
Types: eucaryotes, parasites, engulfers and absorbers, wet conditions, no cell wall, ~30 human pathogens
Nutrient Type: chemoheterotrophs (some classifications include some photoautotrophs as well)
Durable state: cysts (some)
Diseases: malaria, giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, etc. (shown are harmless--to us--protist components of pond water: Amoeba, Blepharisma, Paramecium, Peranema, & Stentor)

16. Types: Viruses Description: Not cells but enveloped or non-enveloped
Types: acellular, obligate intracellular parasites
Nutrient Type: not applicable
Durable state: virion particles, some can encase in durable state of host
Diseases: common cold, flu, HIV, herpes, chicken pox, etc.

17. Rickettsia Domain:Bacteria Phylum:Proteobacteria
Class:Alphaproteobacteria
Subclass:Rickettsidae
Rickettsia is a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that can present as cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), rods (1–4 μm long) or thread-like (10 μm long).
obligate intracellular parasites, the Rickettsia survival depends on entry, growth, and replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells (typically endothelial cells)

18. Disease: typhus, 
rickettsialpox, 
Boutonneuse fever,
African tick bite fever, 
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 
Flinders Island spotted fever and 
Queensland tick typhus (Australian tick typhus).

19. Actinomycetes
Actinomycete (order Actinomycetales), any member of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, generally anaerobic bacteria noted for a filamentous and branching growth pattern that results, in most forms, in an extensive colony, or mycelium.
Many genera also form spores; the sporangia, or spore cases, may be found on aerial hyphae, on the colony surface, or free within the environment. Motility, when present, is conferred by flagella.
Present in soil and are harmless to animals and higher plants, while some are important pathogens, and many others are beneficial sources of antibiotics.

20. Of the specific types of actinomycetes, 
Nocardia asteroides, an aerobic species, is the primary cause of nocardiosis, an infection of the lungs, brain, or skin in humans. 
Dermatophilus congolensis causes dermatophilosis, a severe dermatitis of cattle, sheep, horses, and occasionally humans.
 Streptomyces cause the disease actinomycosis in humans and cattle.
Many of the actinomycetes are sources of antibiotics such as streptomycin.

21. Characterization & classification

22. Taxonomy Involves three steps: 1. Identification 2. Classification
3. Nomenclature
Objective is to arrange organisms into categories that reflect the similarities of the individuals within the groups 22

23. History Carolus Linnaeus: 1700’s: Two Kingdoms: Plants and Animals
Ernst Haekel: 1866: Kingdom Protista
R.H. Whittaker: 1969: Five Kingdoms
Carl Woese: 1990: Three Domains

24. Identification of Microorganisms
Microscopic examination
Culture characteristics
Biochemical tests
Nucleic Acid Analysis
Serological Tests
Person’s symptoms also play a role 24

25. Taxonomy Organizing, classifying and naming living things
Formal system originated by Carl von Linné ( )
Identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria
Each organism placed into a classification system

26. Taxonomy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

27. 3 Domains Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya true bacteria, peptidoglycan
odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. (usually called extremophiles)
Eukarya
have a nucleus & organelles (humans, animals, plants)

31. Taxonomy
4 main kingdoms:
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Algae

32. Naming Micoorganisms Binomial (scientific) nomenclature
Gives each microbe 2 names:
Genus - noun, always capitalized
species - adjective, lowercase
Both italicized or underlined
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)
Escherichia coli (E. coli)

33. Insert figure 1.15
Woese-Fox System

34. Species and Subspecies
collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly
Strain or variety
culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars)
Type
subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype)

36. THANK YOU

37. Assignment 3 Write the answers for enlisted Questions in your Notebook
Enlist the different types of micro organisms.
Draw the Whittaker Five kingdom system.
Define species and strains.
What is Rickettsia and actinomycetes?
Write the one example of bacteria, virus, algae, fungi and protozoa.