1. PLANTS EVERYTHING YOU NEVER WANTED TO KNOW BUT NEEDED TO FOR
THE AP EXAM

2. Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Domain Bacteria Archaea
Common ancestor

3. Land plants evolved from green algae
Researchers have identified green algae called charophyceans as the closest relatives of land plants

4. Genetic Evidence Comparisons of both nuclear and chloroplast genes
Point to charophyceans as the closest living relatives of land plants
Chara,
a pond
organism
(a)
10 mm
Coleochaete orbicularis, a disk-
shaped charophycean (LM)
(b)
40 µm
Figure 29.3a, b

5. Animal vs. Plant life cycle
diploid multicellular individual 2n
diploid multicellular
sporophyte 2n
mitosis
zygote 2n
mitosis
meiosis
fertilization
meiosis
gametes 1n
spores 1n
zygote 2n
fertilization
mitosis
mitosis
haploid unicellular
gametes 1n
haploid multicellular
gametophyte 1n
no multicellular haploid
alternation of generations

6. Pollen Pollen eliminated the requirement for water for fertilization
spread through wind & animal

7. Angiosperm: flowering plants

8. Flower Modified shoot with 4 rings of modified leaves sepals petals
stamens
male
carpel
female
Anther
Filament
Stamen
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Carpel
Sepal
Petal
Ovule
sepals
petals
stamens
carpel
adaptations through mutations

9. The life cycle of an angiosperm
Key
Mature flower on
sporophyte plant
(2n)
Ovule with
megasporangium (2n)
Female gametophyte
(embryo sac)
Nucleus of
developing
endosperm
(3n)
Discharged
sperm nuclei (n)
Pollen
tube
Male gametophyte
(in pollen grain)
Sperm
Surviving
megaspore
(n)
Microspore (n)
Generative cell
Tube cell
Stigma
Ovary
MEIOSIS
Megasporangium
grains
Egg
Nucleus (n)
Zygote (2n)
Antipodal cells
Polar nuclei
Synergids
Egg (n)
Embryo (2n)
Endosperm
(food
Supply) (3n)
Seed coat (2n)
Seed
FERTILIZATION
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Anther
Style
Microsporangium
Microsporocytes (2n)
Germinating
Anthers contain microsporangia.
Each microsporangium contains micro-
sporocytes (microspore mother cells) that
divide by meiosis, producing microspores. 1
Microspores form
pollen grains (containing
male gametophytes). The
generative cell will divide
to form two sperm. The
tube cell will produce the
pollen tube. 2
When a seed
germinates, the
embryo develops
into a mature
sporophyte. 7
In the megasporangium
of each ovule, the
megasporocyte divides by
meiosis and produces four
megaspores. The surviving
megaspore in each ovule
forms a female gametophyte
(embryo sac). 3
The zygote
develops into an
embryo that is
packaged along
with food into a
seed. (The fruit
tissues surround-
ing the seed are
not shown). 6
After pollina-
tion, eventually
two sperm nuclei
are discharged in
each ovule. 4
Double fertilization occurs. One sperm
fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. The
other sperm combines with the two polar
nuclei to form the nucleus of the endosperm,
which is triploid in this example. 5
Figure 30.10

10. From Ovary to Fruit A fruit Develops from the ovary
Protects the enclosed seeds
Aids in the dispersal of seeds by wind or animals

11. Co-evolution: flowers & pollinators

12. Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

14. An example of signal transduction in plants
1 Reception
  2 Transduction
3 Response
CYTOPLASM
Plasma
membrane
Phytochrome
activated
by light
Cell
wall
Light
cGMP
Second messenger
produced
Specific
protein
kinase 1
Transcription
factor 1
NUCLEUS P
Translation
De-etiolation
(greening)
response
proteins
Ca2+
Ca2+ channel
opened
kinase 2
factor 2
2 One pathway uses cGMP as a second messenger that activates a specific protein kinase.The other pathway involves an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ that activates another specific protein kinase.
3 Both pathways lead to expression
of genes for proteins that function in the de-etiolation (greening) response.
1 The light signal is detected by the phytochrome receptor, which then activates at least two signal transduction pathways.
Figure 39.4

15. The bending of a grass seedling toward light
Begins with the plant sensing the direction, quantity, and color of the light
Figure 39.1

16. Xylem
Conducts most of the water and minerals
Includes dead cells called tracheids
Phloem
Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
Consists of living cells