1. Kingdom: Fungi Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Domain Eubacteria Archaea
Common ancestor

2. General characteristics
Classification criteria
eukaryotes
heterotrophs
feed by absorption
mostly multicellular
except unicellular yeasts
cell wall
sexual & asexual reproduction
So that’s 3 times cell walls have evolved:
bacteria, fungi, plants

3. Fungal Structure Fungal body Cells Cell wall mycelium multiple nuclei
thread-like cells
hyphae
Cells
multiple nuclei
Cell wall
chitin
polysaccharide + N
just like crab shells

4. Internal structure Eukaryotic cells long, thread-like cells
chitin cell wall
septum
Eukaryotic cells
long, thread-like cells
filamentous
incomplete divisions between cells
septum
multiple nuclei
pore
nuclei
Aaaaah, structure–function relationship!

5. Modes of Nutrition Heterotrophic secrete digestive enzymes
feed by absorption
parasites
feeding on living creatures
predators
paralyzing prey
decomposers
breakdown dead remains
plant cell
fungal hypha
plant cell membrane
plant cell wall
Fungi live IN their food!
It’s like you living in Chocolate cake!

6. Ecological Roles Decomposers Symbiotic Relationships recycle nutrients
lichen
fungi + algae
cyanobacteria or green algae
pioneer species in ecosystems
makes soil from bare rock
mycorrhizae
fungi + plants
live in & amongst plant roots
enables plants to absorb more water & nutrients
Lichens grow in the leftover spots of the natural world that are too harsh or limited for most other organisms. They are pioneers on bare rock, desert sand, cleared soil , dead wood, animal bones, rusty metal, and living bark. Able to shut down metabolically during periods of unfavorable conditions, they can survive extremes of heat, cold, and drought.
As adaptations for life in marginal habitats, lichens produce an arsenal of more than 500 unique biochemical compounds that serve to control light exposure, repel herbivores, kill attacking microbes, and discourage competition from plants. Among these are many pigments and antibiotics that have made lichens very useful to people in traditional societies.
Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture!

7. Mycorrhizae Critical role in plant growth
extends water & nutrient absorption of roots
without mycorrhizae
with mycorrhizae
Endomycorrhiza
Ectomycorrhiza

8. Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Domain Eubacteria Archaea
Common ancestor

9. Animal Characteristics
Heterotrophs
must ingest others for nutrients
Multicellular
complex bodies
No cell walls
allows active movement
Sexual reproduction
no alternation of generations
no haploid gametophyte

10. Animal Evolution radial bilateral Ancestral Protist Cnidaria Nematoda
Annelida
Echinodermata
Porifera
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chordata
sponges
jellyfish
flatworms
roundworms
mollusks
segmented worms
insects spiders
starfish
vertebrates
body & brain
size,  mobility
backbone
redundancy,
specialization,  mobility
segmentation
 body size
endoskeleton
coelom
 digestive sys
radial
body cavity
body complexity
 digestive & repro sys
bilateral symmetry
distinct body plan; cephalization
tissues
specialized structure & function,
muscle & nerve tissue
multicellularity
specialization &  body complexity
bilateral
Ancestral Protist

11. Body Cavity Space for organ system development Coelem
acoelomate
ectoderm
Space for organ system development
increase digestive & reproductive systems
increase food capacity & digestion
increase gamete production
Coelem
mesoderm & endoderm interact during development
allows complex structures to develop in digestive system
ex. stomach
mesoderm
endoderm
pseudocoelomate
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
pseudocoel
coelomate
ectoderm
mesoderm
coelom cavity
endoderm
protostome vs. deuterostome

12. Invertebrate: Annelida
Segmented worms
earthworms, leeches
segments
increase mobility
redundancy in body sections
bilaterally symmetrical
true coelem
fan worm
leech

14. Chordata Vertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
internal bony skeleton
backbone encasing spinal column
skull-encased brain
deuterostome
hollow dorsal
nerve cord
becomes brain & spinal cord
vertebrate embryo
becomes gills or Eustachian tube
Oh, look… your first baby picture!
pharyngeal
pouches
becomes vertebrae
postanal
tail
becomes tail or tailbone
notochord

15. Vertebrates: Fish Characteristics body structure body function
450 mya
Vertebrates: Fish
salmon, trout, sharks
Characteristics
body structure
bony & cartilaginous skeleton
jaws & paired appendages (fins)
scales
body function
gills for gas exchange
two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in aquatic egg
gills
body

16. Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Domain Eubacteria Archaea
Common ancestor

17. Plant Diversity monocot 1 seed leaf dicot 2 seed leaves
Bryophytes non-vascular land plants
Pteridophytes seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperm pollen & “naked” seeds
Angiosperm flowers & fruit
flowering plants
conifers
flowers
mosses
ferns
pollen & seeds
vascular system = water conduction
Tracheophytes
colonization of land
xylem cells = tracheids
Ancestral Protist

18. Animal vs. Plant life cycle
diploid multicellular individual 2n
diploid multicellular
sporophyte 2n
mitosis
zygote 2n
mitosis
meiosis
fertilization
meiosis
gametes 1n
spores 1n
zygote 2n
fertilization
mitosis
mitosis
haploid unicellular
gametes 1n
haploid multicellular
gametophyte 1n
no multicellular haploid
alternation of generations

19. Bryophytes: 1st land plants
Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts
vascular system?
No! non-vascular
no water transport system
no true roots
dominant stage?
haploid gametophyte stage
reduced, dependent sporophyte
fuzzy moss plant you are familiar with is haploid
reproduction?
swimming sperm
flagellated
spores
sprout to form gametophyte
haploid
diploid
Where must mosses live?

20. Pteridophytes: 1st vascular plants
diploid
Pteridophytes: ferns
vascular system?
Yes! vascular
water transport system
xylem, phloem, roots, leaves
dominant stage?
diploid sporophyte stage
fragile, independent gametophyte (prothallus)
reproduction?
swimming sperm
flagellated
spores
sprout to form gametophyte
Where must ferns live?
haploid

21. Alternation of generations
Fern gametophyte (1n)
homospory: male & female gamete production on same plant
archegonia
antheridia

22. Alternation of generations
diploid
produces male & female gametes
archegonia
haploid
antheridia

23. Pteridophytes: Tree ferns
fronds
fiddleheads
With fronds like these who needs enemies!

24. First seed plants: Gymnosperm
Gymnosperm: conifers
vascular system?
Yes! vascular
xylem, phloem, roots, leaves
dominant stage?
diploid sporophyte stage
reduced (microscopic) gametophyte
reduction of gametophyte protects delicate egg & embryo in protective sporophyte
protected from drought & UV radiation
heterospory: male vs. female gametophytes
reproduction?
seeds
naked seeds (no fruit)
pollen
contain male gametophyte
Where can conifers live?

25. First flowering plants
Angiosperm: flowering plants
vascular system?
Yes! vascular
dominant stage?
diploid sporophyte stage
reduced (microscopic) gametophyte
protects egg & embryo
heterospory: male vs. female gametophytes
reproduction?
flower
sexual selection: attract pollinators
seeds inside fruit
sexual selection: attract seed spreaders
pollen
contain male gametophyte