1. 12 Principles Principle 4 Design Safer Chemicals Principle 5 Avoid Use of Auxiliaries Principle 6 Minimize Energy Needs

2. Principle 4

5. Principle 5 Use Safer Auxiliaries - Solvents
Solvent uses – many not all “bad”
Dissolution of reactions, reagent, catalysts; Extraction; Washing; Separation of mixtures;
Cleaning apparati; Dispersing products; Controlling reaction rate and equilibria;
Maintaining temperature; Effecting selectivity of chemical processes
Solvent types – large choice
Organic; VOC (volatile organic compound); Inorganic- water; Ionic liquids salts with low mp)
super critical-CO2 ; Fluorous phase; Exotics; None !

7. Principle 5 – Use Safer Solvents 85 % of the total mass of chemicals involved in pharmaceutical manufacture comprises solvents – the stuff we do reactions in !

8. Greening Viagra

9. Greening Viagra

10. 12 Principles Principle 6 Use Less Energy

11. Reactions Require or Produce Energy

12. Energy Where it comes from Where it goes

13. Energy Production vs. Consumption

14. Oil - Who uses it & Where
U.S. Petroleum Consumption ,498,000 barrels/day
Total World Petroleum Consumption 85,534,000 barrels/day

15. What Is Oil Used For ?
Only about FIVE percent (!) of the oil and gas consumed
each year is needed to make all the petrochemical products.

16. What is In Oil ?
Composition by weight Hydrocarbons Average Range Paraffins 30% 15 to 60% Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60% Aromatics 15% 3 to 30% Asphaltics 6% remainder

17. How Much Do We Have ?
U.S. Proved Reserves of Crude Oil as of December 31, 2007
21,317 million barrels (ca. 3 years worth)
U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (2008)
702 million barrels (ca. one months worth)

18. Options ?

19. The Methanol Alternative Robert Zubrin The New Atlantis 85-88 (2006)
Any serious energy policy must deal with three critical issues.
First, economic: The policy must provide an energy resource base
sufficient to allow for continued worldwide economic growth for the
foreseeable future.
Second, environmental: The policy must be compatible with the long
term flourishing of life on Earth, including human life and civilization.
Third, strategic: The policy must ensure that control of the Earth’s
energy resources, and thus its future, lies in the hands of free societies
committed to human progress, and taken away from tyrannical and
terrorism-promoting states.

20. The Methanol Economy Five Clever Greener Ideas Production
New ways to produce methanol
CH4 => CH3OH via syn gas (CO & H2) or direct
2) (from atm @ 350 ppm ?) CO2 reduction => CH3OH
Use
3) Methanol as transportation fuel & energy store
4) Methanol fuel cell CH3OH => e- for electricity
5) Methanol as petrochemical raw material
CH3OH => C2H4 => synthetics (MeOH to Gasoline)