1. Origins of development: Colonialism and Decolonızation
SOCI 220
October 6-13, 2009
(Chapter 2 in Development and Social Change)

2. What is development? In 19th cc Europe, development referred to both
-- industrialization and growth, and
-- regulation of disruptive effects of economic growth

3. What’s development? Economic growth (per capita national income)
“Progress”
Directional change
-- from tradition towards secularism
-- from rural to urban civilization
-- from animal to machine power
-- towards a Western life style

4. Historical context within which “development” emerged
Colonialism: subjugation by physical and psychological force of one culture by another through military conquest
European colonization of non-European regions (15th-20th centuries)
Colonialism carried the idea of “development” to the relationship between European colonizers and their colonies
What’s the difference between pre-modern colonization and empires, and 18th-19th cc colonization?

5. European colonization
-- extraction of labor and resources
-- genocide
-- racism
-- interpreting cultural and economic differences as European “superiority”
 backwardness in the colonies, and “progress” in Europe
-- colonial division of labor

6. The History of European Colonization
Three phases
Two types of colonies:
-- Colonies of settlement
-- Colonies of rule

7. First phase:
*Spanish and Portuguese colonization of South America. Exploitation of silver and gold by using native labor
*British settlement of North America *French settlement in Canada
*Portuguese trading from South Asia and “East Indies”
*The “triangular” trade among Europe, Africa and Americas

8. Second phase: “Free trade imperialism” by Britain
Latin American societies gained independence from Spain and Portual by the 1820s
But Britain controlled their foreign trade
Also, British control of India was increasing

9. Third phase: The “New Imperialism” The Scramble for Africa
Breakup of the Ottoman Empire
British direct rule over India
American “Open door” policy with China; opium wars, treaty ports
US ends Spanish Empire in the western hemisphere in 1898

10. Features of European imperialism in the 19th century
* European search for markets for their manufactured goods
* European demand for raw materials and food from the colonies to sustain industrialization
* European military superiority
* Racism
* Covered the entire world by 20th cc

11. Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
1- A global economy with a single division of labor 
The colonial division of labor:
European states  Colonies
Manufactured goods
Colonies  Europe
Raw materials and food
Industrialization   Primary commodity production

12. Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
2- Unequal exchange in trade
Why?
Unequal ecological exchange

13. Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
3- Reorganization/destruction of pre-colonial/pre-modern social systems
-- Destruction/decline of subsistence economies
-- Spread of capitalism
-- Private property in land
Creation of commercial agriculture, plantations
New forms of labor (slavery, indentured servants, cash cropping)
-- Destruction of local manufactures
-- European cultural superiority: imposition of European languages; spread of Christianity; racist colonial rule (the “Bible-land exchange”)
-- Population increase

14. 4- “Progress” in Europe and North America, “backwardness” in the rest of the world
 Development and underdevelopment

15. Decolonization
Non-western colonized societies turned the European ideals of freedom, sovereignty and equal rights back on Europe
Struggles for national liberation in Africa, the Americas and Asia
Peak of decolonization: mid-20th cc
 More than 100 new nation-states in the UN between
Any more colonies today?

16. Decolonization -- Armed struggles for independence
-- Independence movements based on civil disobedience
Political independence based on nation-state sovereignty
Demands for economic independence

17. Decolonization and development
The promise of decolonization: national sovereignty, citizenship, economic development
Decolonization movements adopted the ideologies of European liberal-nationalism
The United States set an exemplary model (but maybe not a realistic one) of national growth, and complementarity between rural and urban economies

18. “Dividing” the world
US President Truman’s speech in 1949: “growth of underdeveloped areas”
The world was thus divided into the “developed” and the “underdeveloped”
Non-western world was defined in terms of what it lacked (high GNP, industrialization), rather than what it might have

19. “Dividing” the world First World Second World Third World
(first used in 1952)
Fourth World
UN terminology:
Developed countries
Developing countries
Least developed countries

20. Development project
Both the US and “third world” nationalists shared the goal of economic sovereignty and development
Decolonization: political sovereignty
Development (economic growth and industrialization) : economic sovereignty

21. Development project
-- A blueprint (plan) for newly independent nation-states
-- A strategy for world order

22. Development project Two dimensions:
-- Nation-states as the framework of development
(example of African nation-states)
-- Economic growth (measured in GNP/per person)

23. What was wrong with the Development Project?
Were there other alternatives?
Was economic growth measured as GNP/per capita always desirable?
Was development inevitable?
Were nation-states the only possible units?

24. How did the Development Project operate?
National industrialization:
-Replacement of agricultural societies with urban-industrial societies
-Linear direction of development
-Economic nationalism, and the “development state”
- Both the US and the Soviet Bloc favored developmentalism

25. National industrialization
Import substituting industrialization (ISI) model:
-- Replacing industrial imports with domestically produced industrial goods
-- Protecting domestic industries
How to do that?

26. Consequences of national industrialization
-- ideal of national, and internal growth
-- internationalization of “national” economies through
- foreign direct investment
- foreign aid