1. English accents 7. Historical change (ii) Innovations reflected in RP etc., but not everywhere in Britain and not in most American English

2. developments before /r/ beerbeer andbeard biːr biːr biːrd bɪər bɪər bɪərd bɪə bɪər bɪəd RP bɪə GA bɪr RP bɪəd GA bɪrd

3. developments before /r/ beer, beardchair, Marymore, forcesure, jury biːrtʃeːrmoːrʃuːr Pre-r breaking biːərtʃeːərmoːərʃuːər Pre-schwa laxing bɪərtʃɛərmɔərʃʊərbɪərtʃɛərmɔərʃʊər

4. r dropping farmer ˈfɑːrmər > ˈfɑːmə

5. developments before /r/ beer, beardchair, Marymore, forcesure, jury biːrtʃeːrmoːrʃuːr biːərtʃeːərmoːərʃuːər bɪərtʃɛərmɔərʃʊərbɪərtʃɛərmɔərʃʊər r dropping bɪətʃɛəmɔəʃʊə resisted in rhotic accents

6. developments before historical /r/ beer, beardchair, Marymore, forcesure, jury biːrtʃeːrmoːrʃuːr biːərtʃeːərmoːərʃuːər bɪərtʃɛərmɔərʃʊərbɪərtʃɛərmɔərʃʊər bɪətʃɛəmɔəʃʊə monophthonging bɪː tʃɛː mɔː (ʃʊː)

7. BATH broadening æ ɑː / _ [-voi +fric] bæθ bɑːθ Some words resisted this change: math(s), mass, tassel, dash. Compare class-classic, pass-passage. Others were coined or borrowed later: gas. bath vs. math(s), castle vs. tassel, pass vs. gas This change was resisted in the north of England as well as in north America. pass, glass, grass, staff, raft, laugh, bath, path, after, castle

8. TRAP-BATH split æ ɑː / _ n [-voi -son +cor] slænt slɑːnt Some words resisted this change: ant, cant, manse, cancer, cancel; stand, grand, ample aunt vs. ant, answer vs. cancer, example vs. ample These words also retained /æ/ in the Leeward Islands and in most of Australia. slant, grant, aunt, can't, dance, chance, answer, chancel, branch, ranch; also demand, Alexander, example

9. lexical incidence: BATH words typical southern accent TRAPæ BATHɑː STARTɑː gas, pass, farce æ ɑː ɑː typical northern accent TRAPa BATHa STARTaː gas, pass, farce a a aː

11. resisted in Scotland and Ireland and (for a time) in North America hw > w (in educated speech in London by 1800)

14. suffix vowel weakening cemetery ˈsemɪteri ˈsemɪtəri ˈsemɪtri testimony ˈtestɪmoʊni ˈtestɪməni

15. suffix vowel weakening Discuss necessary February ordinary

16. suffix vowel reduction? The ending -ary is reverting to a strong vowel

17. suffix vowel stressed! In -arily, the suffix vowel is becoming not only strong but stressed