1. What makes something “living”?
Made of cells
Levels of organization
Use energy
Respond to environment
Grow
Reproduce
Adapt
Censored

2. Virus What about Biological things not alive?
A infective agent that is a non-living biological particle.
Can not Reproduce = Not Alive

3. Viral Infections
The life you save may be your own!!!
Viruses do not “live” because they can not reproduce outside a “host” cell.
Host:
- any organism that is used by a virus or bacteria to complete it’s lifecycle

4. Host specific:
- most virus or bacteria will only affect a single host or a small group of host species
Ever feel like this?
Viruses attach to specific sites on cells called “docking sites”
West Nile Virus – affects birds, horses, and people
Influenza type B – affects only people not others
Parvo – affects only dogs, not other organisms

5. Virus Structure: Capsid - an outer casing for protects
Surface membrane proteins
- act as attachment points to attach to the host.
DNA or RNA core
- holds the genetic material that will affect the host
There may be other components in some viruses

6. They blow up the cells that they affect!!
How do viruses affect you?
They blow up the cells that they affect!!
Lysis – to break or rupture cells or cell membranes
There are two different ways
First - Lytic Cycle:
steps
1. Attach
- Virus “docks” with host cell
2. Inject
- virus inject it’s DNA/RNA into host cell
3. Replicate
- replication of virus parts
4. Lysis
- cell ruptures and new virus’ invade tissues of the host

7. Stress Second – Lysogenic Cycle 1. Attach 2. Inject 3. Incorporate
steps
1. Attach
- Same as Lytic
2. Inject
- Same as lytic
3. Incorporate
- DNA attaches to the cells own DNA
4. Time Goes By
Stress
5. Stress
6. Replicate
- Same as Lytic
7. Lysis
- Same as Lytic

8. Examples of Lytic Virus infections:
Common Colds
Caused by rhinoviruses
can be contact or airborne contracted
Influenza
Caused by several types of influenza viruses
same as colds
Aids/HIV
Caused by the aids virus
fluid transfers from body to body
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Caused by a spiral virus called Tobacco Mosaic
Insects transfer from infected plants

9. Examples of Lysogenic Virus infections
Chicken Pox
- caused by Herpes Virus
Shingles
- caused by Herpes Virus
Coldsores/ Feverblisters
- caused by Herpes Virus
Venereal Herpes
- caused by Herpes Virus

10. How does your body fight Viral Infections?
Antibiotics do NOTHING for viral infections!!
After enough cell debris (from blown up cells) is detected your Immune system gets involved
-large white blood cells that get rid of debris by eating it.
Macrophage
When they eat too much, they die. These dead cells and the cell debris are “puss”

11. Other white blood cells pick up viral particles from the battle and carry it to Lymph nodes.
In the lymph nodes, they look for cells to fight this type of virus.
T- cells (thyroid cells) are called upon and go to the site of the infection to kill specific infected cells
B-cells (bursal cells) make antibodies that go to the site and kill free viruses
The virus is “killed” 21 days from first infection

12. How does your body fight the Virus

13. Prokaryotic Cells Archae-Bacteria Two kingdoms
Extremophiles
acid
temps at 88oC (190oF)
Anaerobic (generally)
Most will die in presence of O2
Chemotrophic
Use Chemicals to perform the process of “Light Reaction”
Currently just over 1,000 species known

14. EuBacteria Several phyla and other families. Over 5,000 known species
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Most live in Aerobic environments.
Both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
Most are Autotrophic
such as Cyanobacteria
Heterotrophic include most disease causing bacteria

15. But how do you know what Bacteria it is?!!!!
You determine what it is by its shape?
Bacterial Shapes
three shapes.
Cocci - spherical shaped
Spirilla – corkscrew shaped
Bacilli – rod shaped

16. Diseases of Bacteria: 1. Coccus diseases Streptococcus pharyngitis
Strep throat
Neisseria meningitidis
Bacterial meningitis
2. Bacillus diseases
Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
Yersinia Pestis
Bubonic Plague
3. Spirillum diseases
Treponema pallidum
Syphillis
Borellia burgdorferia
Lyme disease

17. Antibiotics kill Bacteria!
Bacteria hurt you by………….
Poisoning your cells!!!
Once inside the host, they begin to release metabolic waste.
Your Immune system usually can not fight bacterial infections alone.
Antibiotics kill Bacteria!

18. Growth of Bacteria: Binary Fission: Conjugation: Spore Formation:
Similar to Mitosis - splitting
Conjugation:
Similar to sexual reproduction. Passing of genetic material
conjugative connection
spore
Spore Formation:
Creating hard coatings to protect during unfavorable conditions.

19. Protista Protista have many things in common with your cells:
Nucleus and organelles.
Cell membranes
Ability to move (like macrophages)
Appendages (Flagella like sperm)
Variety of shapes
But there are some differences:
They are single celled
They may have shells
Modes of eating
like plant
like animal
like both!!

20. Classifications: I. Animal-like Protists. II. Plant-like Protists.
Amoeba
Euglena
II. Plant-like Protists.
Diatom
Algae
III. Fungus-like Protists.
Slime mold

21. Diseases of Protists: Sleeping sickness Chagas Disease Malaria Giardia
carried by the Tsetse fly in Africa
Chagas Disease
carried by the Kissing bug
Malaria
carried by a certain mosquito (Anopholese)
Giardia
carried in unclean water

22. Review for test Define terms Questions
Virus
Host
Host Specific
Capsid
Surface Membrane Proteins
Nucleic acid Core
Lysis
Macrophase
T-cells
B-cells
Archae-Bacteria
Extremophiles
Eubacteria
Chemotrophic
Bacillus
Cocci
Spirillum
Binary Fission
Conjugation
Spore Formation
Questions
What are the characteristics of living things?
Compare and contrast Lytic and Lysogenic Infections.
Give examples of virus that affect you with lytic or lysogenic infections.
How do virus affect you versus how bacteria affect you?
Draw and label a virus.
Draw and label a bacteria.
Give examples of the three different types of bacteria (diseases)
What are the differences in the ways bacteria can reproduce?