1. The Types of Cells

2. Two Basic Types of Cells
All living things fall into one of two categories of cells:
Prokaryotes (bacteria, simple cells)
(E. coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus, etc.)
Eukaryotes

3. Prokaryotes Meningitis Pneumonia Staph aureus Gonorrhoeae
Found everywhere (most numerous organisms on Earth)
Earliest forms of life
Unicellular
NO membrane-bound organelles
99% are helpful…
Food production
Digestion
Water purification
Decomposers
Oil spills
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Staph aureus
Gonorrhoeae

4. D. Shapes of Bacteria Shapes Prefixes 1. 1. = pair = sphere 2. 2.
= rod
= chain 3. 3.
= spiral
= bunch
Images from:

5. Coccus (Spherical)
Streptococcus
Strep Throat

6. Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Bacillus (Rod)
Escherichia coli (E. coli)

7. Death from anthrax is due to oxygen depletion
Bacillus anthracis
Death from anthrax is due to oxygen depletion

8. Spirillum (Spiral) Cholera
Intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water.

9. Prokaryotic Cell Structure

10. Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Nucleoid – the “nuclear” region of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA attaches to the plasma membrane

11. Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Plasmid – Circular DNA containing a few genes to help bacteria survive under some conditions.

12. Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Flagella – long, whiplike protein extensions that rotate like propellers, allowing cells to move (“swim”) through water or other fluids

13. Eukaryotic Cells More complex than prokaryotes
Have many parts (organelles) that each have their own function
Advantageous, as each organelle can specialize and become more efficient
Compartmentalization

14. Eukaryotic Organelles
Nucleus: genetic control center
Contains chromosomes
Chromatin: Chromosomes attached to protein
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane
Main difference b/w prokaryotes & eukaryotes
Nucleolus: Area within the nucleus where RNA is synthesized
Appears most dense/darkest
Produces ribosomes

15. Nuclear Envelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Animal cell
Plant Cell
Chromatin

16. Eukaryotic Organelles
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with thousands of nuclear pores
Surrounds the nucleus
Controls flow into and out of the nucleus

17. Eukaryotic Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A system of membranous tubes & channels
Located just outside the nucleus
Two parts:
Smooth: No ribosomes
Functions:
Synthesis & transport of lipids
Detoxifies substances
Rough: Coated in ribosomes
Function: Protein synthesis & transport

19. Smooth ER
Rough ER
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Animal cell
Plant Cell

20. Eukaryotic Organelles
Ribosomes: Small bodies of RNA floating in the nucleus or attached to rough ER
Site of protein synthesis
Tiny, round objects
Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

21. Animal cell
Plant Cell
Ribosomes

22. Eukaryotic Organelles
Golgi Apparatus: Stack of flattened membranous sacs/tubes
Located near the ER
Can break off sections to move around cell
Functions:
Sorts and modifies proteins
Packages materials in vesicles for use within the cell or export out of the cell

23. Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Golgi Apparatus

24. Eukaryotic Organelles
Mitochondrion: “power plant” of cell
Double-membraned organelle
Membranes separated by matrix
Cristae: folds of inner membrane
Major site of ATP synthesis

25. Animal cell
Plant Cell

26. Eukaryotic Organelles
Chloroplast: Double-membrane organelle in plant cells
Site of photosynthesis
Captures solar energy, converts it to chemical energy
Large stacks of membranes containing green pigment chlorophyll
NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS

27. Chloroplasts
Animal cell
Plant Cell

28. Eukaryotic Organelles
Vacuole: Vesicles in a cell that store water & food (among some other substances)
Plants: Central Vacuole. Takes up most of volume
Give cells their rigidity, store waste products
Present in animals, but much smaller

29. Plant Cell
Animal cell
Vacuole

30. Eukaryotic Organelles
Lysosome: Vesicle in animal cells (rarely plants) that contains enzymes to digest food, nutrients, organelles, etc.
Causes cell suicide (apoptosis)
Animal Cell
Lysosome

31. Eukaryotic Organelles
Centriole: Tubular structures involved in cell division/reproduction
Animals only, NOT in plants
Near nucleus
Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers that help shape the cell
Can hold organelles in place or move them around
Found in animal and plant cells

32. cytoskeleton
centrioles
Animal cell

33. Eukaryotic Organelles
Cytoplasm (Cytosol): Gel-like substance that fills the cell in which the organelles are bathed
Found in ALL cells
Plasma (Cell) Membrane: Surrounds all cells
Phospholipid Bilayer
Responsible for letting substances into & out of the cell
Not a source of protection!!!

34. Plant Cell
Animal cell
Cell Membrane

35. Eukaryotic Organelles
Cell Wall: A rigid structure that surrounds plant & fungal cells
NOT found in animal cells
Found in prokaryotic cells (similarity)
Surrounds plasma membrane
Protects the cell and helps maintain its shape
Composed of cellulose

36. Cell wall: Along the perimeter.
Plant Cell
Animal cell

37. Eukaryotic Organelles
Cilia: Tiny hair-like structures surrounding the cell membrane
Used for movement of the cell or moving material along a cell/tissue
Flagella: Found in eukaryotic sperm cells
Found in bacteria
NOT in plants

39. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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40. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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41. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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42. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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Cheek cells

43. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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Plant cells

44. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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45. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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46. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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47. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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48. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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49. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
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