2. Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety Awareness.
Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety Awareness
Matthew H. Smith, M.S.
Dade Moeller

3. Acknowledgements
John Leonowich, Ph.D., late UNLV-RSO and PNNL Staff Scientist
Maurice Bitran, Ph.D., University of Toronto
Light Measurement Handbook, International Light (Alex Ryer)
Narda-STS
IEEE C95 Standards Series

4. Agenda Module 1: NIR Overview and Introduction
Module 2: NIR Bio-effects
Module 3: NIR Standards
Module 4: NIR Sources and Assessment
Module 5: NIR Hazard Calculations
Module 6: NIR Measurements & Program Implementation

5. Standards Based Approach to NIR Safety Awareness
Using IEEE C95.7TM-2014 as a basis
Also see: S&IH TS , “Electric and Magnetic Field Exposure Assessment”
See Table 2: “6-Step Quick-Start Procedure”
Step 1. Need for a Safety Program
New equipment or process
Increase in NIR levels
Employee/Public concerns
External Audit

6. IEEE Quick Start Procedure
Step 2. Compliance criteria (IEEE, FCC, ACGIH, ICNIRP) …Will Discuss in Modules 2 (Bio-effects) and 3 (Standards)… Step 3. Source inventory/Potentially exposed population …Will Discuss in Module 4 (Sources of NIR and Assessment Approach)…

7. IEEE Quick Start Procedure
Step 4. Evaluating the Potential Exposure
Vendor Information
Calculation
Measurement
Accident Reports
…Will Discuss in Modules 4 (Sources of NIR and Assessment Approach), 5 (Hazard Calculation and Classification), and 6 (NIR Measurement)…

8. IEEE Quick Start Procedure
Step 5. Categorize the Source Hazard …Will Discuss in Module 5 (Hazard Calculation and Classification)… Step 6. Implement NIR Controls …Will Discuss in Module 6 (Measurements & Program Implementation)…

9. Questions?
….or topics that you would like to focus on?....

10. NIR Overview and Introduction to Electromagnetics
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Does not separate electrons from atoms
Affects matter by transfer of energy into rotation or vibration states
12.4 eV, 100 nm
NIR Regions
Optical
Radiofrequency & Microwave
Sub-radiofrequency & static fields

11. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency (Hz)
1 GHz
1 MHz
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
Gamma Rays UV
Infrared
visible
Microwaves
x-rays
Nd-YAG TV FM
Long Wave
CO2
10-12
10-9
10-6
10-3
1.0
103
1 pm
1 nm
1 m
1 mm
1 m
1 km
Wavelength (m)
CCHPS-CHP Review: RF/MW & Lasers

12. Optical Spectrum

13. The Ultraviolet Spectrum

14. NIR Regions: Optical Optical Radiation Ultraviolet (100 – 400 nm)
Visible (400 – 760 nm)
Infrared (760 nm – 1 mm)
Lasers (100 nm – 1 mm)

15. NIR Regions: Electromagnetic Fields
Static Electric and Magnetic Fields
Sub-radiofrequency Electric and Magnetic Fields (~1 Hz – 3 kHz)
Radiofrequency and Microwave (3 kHz – 300 GHz)

16. Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics
Electric field Vector (E) and Magnetic Field Vector (H) are orthogonal and in phase
E: Volts/m, (V/m)
H: Amperes/m (A/m)

17. Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics II – Velocity, Wavelength, and Frequency
Velocity of the wave (c) is the speed it advances in free space. Velocity is perpendicular to E and H and in the same direction as the Poynting vector S.
Wavelength (λ) and frequency (ν) are related by: c = λν, where c = 3 x 108 m/s

18. Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics III - Energy
Energy per photon given by: E = h ν, where h (Planck’s constant) = x J-sec; 1 J = 6.24 x 1012 MeV

19. Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics IV – Power Density (W)
Energy carried in an electromagnetic wave is usually expressed as energy passing through a fixed area per unit time.
The Poynting Vector (the vector product of E and H) represents the power density (W) of energy propagation.
Units: W/m2 or mW/cm2, [(W/m2)/10 = (mW/cm2)]

20. Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics V - Impedance
Ratio of E to H is characteristic impedance
Zo = |E/H| = 377 Ohms
W = E2/377 = 377 H2
W(mW/cm2 )= E2/3770
W(mW/cm2 ) = H2 x 37.7

21. Units of Magnetic Field
Quantity
Symbol
Units
Abbr
Magnetic Field Strength H
Amperes/meter
A/m
Magnetic Flux Density B
Tesla T
1 Tesla = 104 gauss (G)
1 μT = 10 mG
1 A/m = 1.26 μT = 12.6 mG

22. Light Units Radiant Energy: J, Q Radiant Flux or Radiant Power: W, Φ
Radiant Exposure (H): J/cm2
Irradiance (E): W/cm2
Remember 1 W = J/s
Effective Irradiance (W/cm2): Weighted in proportion to the biological or chemical effect that light has on a substance

23. Questions?