1. Investigating the effectiveness of antibacterial soaps
Hypothesis:
Write it in “ If ….. And then … form on handout

2. Change to “If….. And Then ……
The frequency of cricket chirps will change as the temperature changes.
How can we set up this experiment?
Remember we call all the things that remain the same between the two set ups:
_____________________
controls

3. How can we keep track of data?
Look at your notes MM to see what your chart looks like

4. What is the independent variable?
the temperature
What is the dependent viable?
the number of chirps

5. Preparing to design an experiment
Look back in your notes. What is the hypothesis you wrote to test the effects of antibacterial soap on bacterial growth?
Are you still happy with your hypothesis? If not, you can change
What can you measure to test your hypothesis?

6. Bacteria
Bacteria are ___prokaryotes _______ “first seed” (single cells that do not contain a nucleus, or membrane bound organelles).
Bacteria are microscopic and can only be seen through a microscope
Bacteria reproduce very quickly if in contact with a nutrient source. They are sensitive to temperature
Bacteria guided notes handout

7. Bacteria A nutrient source that can be used in the “lab” is agar
If an individual bacterial cell is transferred to the agar, the bacteria will multiply into millions in a short time.

8. Bacteria Characteristics
Bacteria are distinguished from other living things because of their cell structure:
All bacterial cells have a cell wall surrounding a cell membrane, inside of which lies the unbound DNA and other material.

9. Bacteria Classification
There are three types of bacterial cells, based on shape: spherical (coccus), rod (bacillus), and spiral (spirillum).

10. Coccus- diseases caused by this type of bacteria include: food poisoning, gonorrhea, strep throat

12. Bacillus: E. coli

14. Spirilla- syphilis

15. Harmful Bacteria
A number of bacteria cause disease, these are called pathogenic bacteria.
They can cause diseases of plants, animals, fungi, protists and other bacteria

17. Some bacterial diseases include: strep throat, scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, ear infections, gonorrhea, syphilis, Tuberculosis
Bacteria can also be used by some countries to harm other countries in an act called bioterrorism - anthrax
Eczema w/ 2o infection

18. Helpful Bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of animals
Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread
roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form.

19. break down dead organic matter - decomposers
of such immense importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old
used in genetic engineering
Bioremediation

20. Antibiotics
A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms. Watch:

21. Antibiotics How they work
Antibiotics work by being either by killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth
Penicillin is an antibiotic that works by preventing the production of a substance that form the cell wall.
This means the cell will continue to grow without dividing or developing new cell wall. Therefore, the wall gets weaker, and eventually ruptures

22. Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance (when an antibiotic is no longer effective) is a major problem
Antibiotic resistance is driven by overusing antibiotics and prescribing them inappropriately.

23. Antibiotic Resistance
How does it happen?
A random change in the genetic material of the bacteria, this is known as a mutation. This can cause the genetic material to make the bacteria resistant to harm by the drug.

24. If you are treated with an antibiotic, it can destroy many of the harmless strains of bacteria that live in and on the body. This allows resistant bacteria to quickly multiply and take their place

26. Viruses
Are they living things?

27. Viral structure Viruses are not cells.
They need a living cell to survive
Basic structure:
Protein coat (not a cell wall)
Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA)

28. Are viruses alive? Only 1 characteristic of life: reproduction
Can only reproduce inside a host cell!
Process or reproduction = lytic cycle

29. Lytic Cycle
Virus attaches to host cell’s membrane and injects its nucleic acid into the host cell.
The viral nucleic acid takes over protein synthesis, creating new viruses.
The host cell bursts, lyses, releasing the newly formed viruses.

30. Before attachment
Attachment
Penetration and uncoating
Release
Assembly
Replication

31. Examples of common human diseases caused by viruses include:
the common cold, influenza, chickenpox, and cold sores. Many serious diseases such as Ebola virus disease, AIDS, avian influenza, and SARS are caused by viruses
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness

34. How do we fight viruses?
Vaccines work by stimulating our immune system to produce antibodies (substances produced by the body to fight disease) without actually infecting us with the disease