1. Urinary System

2. Watch Youtube Video How the Urinary System Works. https://youtu

3. Urinary System The body produces urine as a way to get rid of waste and extra water that it doesn't need. Before leaving your body, urine travels through the urinary tract, which consists of:
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
urinary meatus
meatus

4. Structures of the Urinary System
Outside opening

5. Watch Youtube Video How the Urinary System Works. https://youtu

6. Kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce urine, they are:
Bean-shaped organs
Located between peritoneum and the back muscles (RETROPERITONEAL)
Held in position by
connective tissue
Enclosed in an adipose
capsule
Protected by the ribs

7. Structures of the Urinary System
Ureters- two thin tubes that take urine from the kidney to the bladder
Smooth muscle tube with mucous
Membrane lining
Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters
Ureters

8. Structures of the Urinary System
Urinary bladder - Hollow muscular organ located in pelvic cavity that holds urine until it's time to urinate
- Made of elastic fibers and
involuntary muscles
- Stores urine- usually about
500cc
- Emptying urine (voiding) is
involuntary but controlled
through nervous system
(voluntary)
Function = store and aid in
elimination of urine

9. Structures of the Urinary System
Urethra- the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body when you urinate (micturate or void)
Connects the bladder to the
outside of the body
Female 1-2” long
Male 4-6” long

10. Structures of the Urinary System
Urinary meatus –
Opening to the
outside of the body where urine leaves through

11. Watch Youtube Video The Kidneys...https://youtu.be/_NO8n48AKJY

12. Structure of Kidneys: External kidney Renal fascia Renal Hilum
Fibrous layer of
connective tissue
Renal Hilum
Indentation that
gives the kidney
its bean-shaped
appearance

13. Structure of Kidneys: Internal kidney consists of:
                                                                                                                       
Internal kidney consists of:
Renal cortex - Outer layer –
Composed of millions of microscopic
functional units called nephrons
Renal medulla - Middle layer-
Contains RENAL PYRAMIDS
Base of each pyramid faces cortex, while
apex empties into cuplike cavities called
CALYCES -
and contains Renal columns located
between the pyramids.
Renal pelvis - Innermost layer
-funnel shaped structure at the
beginning of the ureter (funnels all the
Urine into the ureters)

14. Label Kidney:
Hilum

15. Label Kidney:
Hilum

16. What if kidneys are not working properly?
Toxic wastes would accumulate in the cells, suffocating and
poisoning them.

17. Function of Urinary System
Excretion- removing nitrogenous wastes, certain salts and excess water from blood
Formation of urine
Maintain acid-base balance (fluid & electrolyte balance)
Elimination of Urine (Secrete waste products in the form of urine – remove waste from body)

18. Structure of Kidneys:
                                                                                                                       
Internal kidney, cont.
The nephron is the tiny filtering structure in your kidneys.  
Each of your kidneys contain more than a million tiny filtering nephrons that help clean your blood.

19. Nephron structure Nephron is the Functional unit of kidney
Afferent arteriole – blood from renal artery enters through this…
Nephron is the
Functional unit of kidney
Consists of Renal Corpuscle
&
Renal Tubules…….

20. Nephrons Functional unit of the kidney
Over 1 million in each kidney which comprise 140 miles of filters and tubes
Parts include:
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule

21. Nephron structure Renal corpuscle consist of:
Bowman’s capsule-double-walled
hollow capsule – it surrounds glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min.
…how many cc’s per hour is this?
As the filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of water
is reabsorbed—what would happen if reabsorption here
failed?
&
Glomerulus-knotty ball
formed from afferent
arterioles finely dividing
– contains 50 separate capillaries

22. Nephron structure cont’d
Proximal convoluted tubule-
twisted tubular branch off Bowman’s
capsule
Loop of Henle – proximal
convoluted tubule descends into
the medulla forming large loop
Distal convoluted tubule –
ascending limb of Henle’s loop
Collecting tubule – distal tubule
opens into collecting tubule

23. Nephron structure

24. Nephron structure Glomerulus Loop of Henle Collecting Tubule Ureter
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Glomerulus
Loop of Henle
Collecting Tubule
Ureter

25. Watch Youtube Video The Urinary System… https://youtu.be/OkyFPMXa28c

26. Order of Urine Formation in the Nephron
1- Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3- Secretion

27. Filtration First step in urine formation
Blood from renal artery enters glomerulus
High blood pressure in glomerulus forces fluid (Filtrate) to filter into Bowman’s capsule (function of glomerulus is to filter substances from the blood)
Filtrate does not contain plasma proteins or RBCs- they are too big
Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min. – 7500cc/hour
As filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of water is reabsorbed

28. Reabsorption
Water and useful substances are reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule to stay in the body
If blood levels of certain substances are high (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, sodium) then those substances will not be reabsorbed
Useful substances filter out of the renal tubules and back into the capillaries around the tubules = reabsorption .
How does this help maintain homeostasis?

29. Secretion Opposite of reabsorption Secretion transports substances
from blood into collecting tubules
to leave the body
Substances include creatinine,
hydrogen ions, potassium ions,
and some drugs
Electrolytes are selectively
secreted to maintain body’s acid-base balance

30. Watch Youtube Video Urine Formation... https://youtu.be/oCQ-5iwTQvM

31. Urinary Output Average= 1500 ml/day
Urinalysis- examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells, bacteria, acidity level, specific gravity and physical characteristics (color, clarity and odor)
Normal in urinalysis = Ammonia
not normal = glucose, blood, pus

32. Urinary Output
If more water is reabsorbed back into the body---what will happen to urine concentration?
(more or less concentrated?)

33. Path of urine formation
Afferent arteriole - Glomerulus – Bowman’s capsule – proximal convoluted tubule – loop of Henle – distal convoluted tubule – collecting tubule – renal pelvis - ureter

34. Watch Youtube Video The Kidneys & Nephrons. https://youtu

35. Urine formation is controlled by Chemical Control (ADH & Aldosterone) & Nervous Control

36. Chemical Control Reabsorption of H2O in distal convoluted tubule
The amount of ADH produced is related to the level of body hydration
Reabsorption of H2O in distal convoluted tubule
controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Secretion and regulation of
ADH controlled by hypothalamus
Aldosterone release is the result of the renin-angiotensin system.
Diuretics inhibit reabsorption of H2O
Medications can replace chemicals created by body i.e. renin = diuretic
Production of urine is controlled by ADH and Aldosterone

37. Watch Youtube Video Micturition-Chemical control. https://youtu

38. Nervous Control
Direct control through nerve impulses on kidney blood vessels
Indirect control through stimulation of endocrine glands

39. Watch Youtube Video Micturition-Neural control. https://youtu

41. Watch Youtube Video Urinary System... https://youtu.be/WtrYotjYvtU

42. Watch Youtube Video Disorders of the Kidneys. https://youtu

43. Disorders of the Urinary System
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) “Calc” means “stone”
Also known as nephrolithiasis (nephro lith iasis) “Lith” means “stone”
Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid
Gradually they get larger until they block ureters…can cause hydronephrosis
First symptom- severe pain
Other symptoms- nausea and vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuria
Diagnosis- by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray
Rx- increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, and if needed- lithotripsy

44. Lithotripsy Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones
                                       
Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones
Shock waves hit dense stones and break them up
Done on outpatient basis

45. Watch Youtube Video Kidney Stones... https://youtu.be/LngbrHJkXoE

46. Nephritis “nephr” means “kidney” “itis” means “inflammation”
Inflammation of the
kidney (kidney infection)

47. Incontinence =
Involuntary urination

48. Updated July 29, 2005
    
Cystitis
(cyst= medical term for ____ + itis =___ )
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the urinary bladder
Most common cause- E. Coli
Symptoms- Dysuria (painful urination), lower abd pain, and frequency
Usually in females (shorter urethra)
Rx- antibiotics

49. Watch Youtube Video Cystitis... https://youtu.be/nKTe7fSqv6o

50. Dialysis (Hemodialysis)
Used for kidney failure
Involves the passage of blood through device with semipermeable membrane
Dialysis serves as substitute kidney… replaces filtration
Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered
Can be done at home or in clinic
Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week

51. Watch Youtube Video Dialysis... https://youtu.be/fKlY2SKi_dk

52. Glomerulonephritis - group of diseases that injure the part of the kidney that filters blood (called glomeruli).  When the kidney is injured, it cannot get rid of wastes and extra fluid in the body. If the illness continues, the kidneys may stop working completely, resulting in kidney failure.
Acute - develops suddenly. You may get it after an infection in your throat or on your skin or some diseases. Sometimes, you may get better on your own. Other times, your kidneys may stop working unless the right treatment is started quickly.
Chronic - Sometimes, the disease runs in the family. This kind often shows up in young men who may also have hearing loss and vision loss. Some forms are caused by changes in the immune system. However, in many cases, the cause is not known. Sometimes, you will have one acute attack of the disease and develop the chronic form years later.

53. Glomerulonephritis Acute & Chronic
Watch Youtube Video
Glomerulonephritis Acute & Chronic

54. Chronic: gradual loss of function of the nephrons
Renal Failure
Acute: may be sudden onset-causes may be nephritis, shock, injury, bleeding, sudden heart failure or poisoning.
Sx: oliguria (scanty amt urine), anuria (absence of urine)
Chronic: gradual loss of function of the nephrons

55. Watch Youtube Video The Kidneys... https://youtu.be/Kixqn8i9MN4

56. Kidney Transplant As a last resort
Involves donor organ from someone with a similar immune system
Main complication- rejection

57. Watch Youtube Video Kidney Transplant... https://youtu.be/zl8BGtNaUHA

58. Terminology Enuresis- bedwetting Incontinence – involuntary urination
Gylcosuria- sugar in urine
Nocturia- frequent urination at night
Polyuria- large amounts of urine
Anuria- no urine produced
Hematuria- blood in urine
Diuretic- drug or substance to increase urine production
Oliguria – decreased urine production (sign of kidney failure)