1. The Age of Exploration

2. Major World Religions by 1500

3. Major Religions and Location
1. Judaism: Eastern Europe and esp. Middle East (Israel)

4. 2. Christianity: Europe and Middle East

5. 3. Islam: Parts of Asia, Africa, and Middle East (orange below)

6. 4. Hinduism: India and parts of Southeast Asia

7. 5. Buddhism: East and SE Asia

8. TRADE: Where they traded and what they traded in 1500

9. Trade Patterns Linking Europe, Asia, and Africa
What are some different routes people would take to trade over the 3 continents?

10. Importance?: Exchange of products and ideas!
Trade Routes:
Silk Road across Asia to Mediterranean basin
Maritime (water) routes across the Indian Ocean
Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
Black Sea connects Northern Europe to Asia
Western Europe is reached by seas and rivers
South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia
Importance?: Exchange of products and ideas!

11. What’d they trade? Out of China: Out of India and Middle East:
Paper, Compass, silk, porcelain
Out of India and Middle East:
Textiles (cloth), number system
Scientific Knowledge:
Medicine, Astronomy, Math!

12. High demand in Europe for wealth and natural resources, esp
High demand in Europe for wealth and natural resources, esp. gold and spices
Reformation Need to spread Christianity
Competition between Europe’s countries

13. 4. New navigation tools from Europe and Middle East made it easier!
Locates the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, determining local time given latitude and vice versa
Astrolabe
Compass

14. 5. Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
Portuguese prince who funded explorers

15. Importance of Henry:
Began the Age of Discovery—estab. New trade routes and much needed maps of Africa
This map of North Africa was made in 1541, based on the Portuguese voyages of exploration.

16. Europeans Begin to Explore
Europe in the New World and its Impact

17. Intro:
Europeans migrated to new colonies in the Americas, creating new cultural and social patterns.
Americas
Africa
Asia

18. The Americas

19. The Americas
European countries began to claim territory in the Americas and Europeans migrated in large numbers
Colonies adopted similar cultures as their mother countries
Ex) Mexico City being like Spanish cities
In Latin America—rigid class system and dictatorial (one dude, mean) rule emerged
Ex) Chris Columbus, Pizzaro, Cortez

20. The Aztec and Inca Empires collapse!!
Mass deaths due to disease and violence
Watch video from History Channel

21. Religion: Spread of Christianity to Amerindians
• Christianity spread with migrating colonists/missionaries to Amerindians
Colonists carried their faith, culture, and language (Catholic Spain v. Protestant England)
• Conversion of Indians important to European countries!
Often happened by force

22. Africa

23. Europeans established trade posts on the coast, where they traded slaves, gold, spices, etc.
Africa

24. Europe’s Impact on Asia
Small groups of merchants colonized in Asia—India, China, East Indies
Europeans could now trade straight with Asia because Portugal found the route around the Cape of Good Hope!
Portuguese, Dutch, and British trading companies established posts there
Lasting impact HUGE profits for Europeans on Asian products, leads to colonization in Asia, too 

25. Vasco da Gama (1497) Sponsored by Portugal
First to reach Calicut, India, by going around the Cape of Good Hope

26. Christopher Columbus (1492)
Sponsored by Spain
“Discovery” of Americas set off European exploration age

27. Hernan Cortes (1521)
Spanish conquistador who led the conquering of the Aztecs, and brought large portions of Mexico under Spanish control

28. Francisco Pizzaro (1531)
Spanish conquistador who conquered the INCAN empire (Peru)

29. Ferdinand Magellan (1519-22)
Spain
first circumnavigation of the earth (To travel all the way around the globe)

30. Sir Francis Drake
First Englishman to circumnavigate the globe from , also helped defeat the Spanish Armada of 1588
Was the most renowned seaman of the Elizabethan era!

31. Jacques Cartier (1534)
French explorer most known for exploring the St. Lawrence River and claimed Canada for France! (Supposed to find route to the East Indies)

32. Columbian exchange

33. Columbian Exchange—what is it?
Exchange of plants, animals, goods, and IDEAS between the Old and New World that Columbus’ voyage sparked

34. Western Hemisphere (Americas) Eastern Hemisphere (Europe)
What is Exchanged
Western Hemisphere (Americas)
Agriculture: corn, potatoes, TOBACCO
Eastern Hemisphere (Europe)
Horses, cattle, DISEASE-smallpox, malaria, SLAVES!
Impact:
Labor shortage for crops leads to use of African slaves (Lack of indentured servants and Indians)
African slavery was eventually based on race
Plantations (fancy farms) in the Americas destroyed Indian economies and environment

35. The Atlantic Slave Trade

36. African Slave Trade Begins
Began in 15th century (late 1400s)
European trading posts along the coasts
Trade in slaves, gold and other products
Dominated by the Dutch (Netherlands) and English

37. Triangular Trade: Linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Exchanged of slaves, sugar, rum, gold, and silver

38. Middle Passage
Part of the Triangular Trade—millions of Africans were taken to America as part of the Atlantic slave trade
Kidnapped slaves were traded for European goods
million Africans
**Dominated by Portugal and England

40. Impact of Precious Metals
Gold and silver were mass exports from America to Europe and Asia
Indigenous (Indian) Empires negatively impacted by gold trade—conquered and slaved away in gold mines
Spain and International Trade grew thanks to gold/silver:
Spain had initial wealth, but later experienced inflation
Europe grows wealth through trade with Asia

41. Mercantilism and Commercial Revolution
Created by International Trade and Colonization
Relationship between colonizing country and colony

42. Look at all that trading! Commercial Revolution
Colonies will be defined by what the “Mother Country” needs

43. Commercial Revolution (COMMERCE=TRADE)
European maritime (on the water) nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources.
Based on the idea that there’s a limited amount of wealth in the world!

44. Commercial Revolution (contd)
A new economic system emerged….
New money and banking systems were created.
Economic practices like mercantilism evolved.
Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country. 

45. Mercantilism: EXPORTS > IMPORTS!
An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient (not rely on other countries for goods)
Based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country
EXPORTS > IMPORTS!
Exports: Merchandise leaving a country
Imports: Merchandise coming in

46. Wealth measured by amount of gold and silver a country had!
Colonies had to buy the manufactured goods produced in Europe, and became sources of raw materials for mother country

47. Ottoman Empire,

49. Where We Left Off: Ottomans were Turkish Muslims
Took Constantinople from Byzantines in renamed it Istanbul (3 names will be on test!)
Power reaches height in 1500/1600s
Took control of much of Muslim territory in SW Asia and North Africa
Islam will be a unifying force in the Ottoman Empire!!

50. Ottomans blocked the trade routes of Europe—led to Age of Exploration
Empire Included:
Ottomans blocked the trade routes of Europe—led to Age of Exploration
• Southwest Asia
• Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula
• North Africa
Primary Exports:
Coffee and Ceramics

51. Mughal Empire

52. Mughal Empire
Descendents of the Mongols established this empire in Northern India
CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. Spread of Islam into India
Today: 2nd most popular religion in India—13% practice

53. 2. Architecture: Taj Mahal

54. Southern India remained independent
3. Trade Relationship with European Nations
Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for Indian trade by establishing trade posts there
Biggest export: textiles
Came to dominate English trade more than spices
Southern India remained independent
and had separate trade relationships
with Europe—silk, spices, and gems

55. China and Japan

56. Sought to limit influence of European traders China
Creation of foreign enclaves (European colonies) to control trade
Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade
Increase in European demand for Chinese goods (tea, porcelain)

57. Characterized by powerless emperor, ruled by military leader (Shogun)
From 1603 through 1869, Japan was ruled by a series of shoguns known as the Tokugawa Shogunate
Japan
Characterized by powerless emperor, ruled by military leader (Shogun)
Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences

58. Africa
Slave trade and demand for imports changed trade patterns in Africa
African Exports:
Slaves & Raw materials (Gold, Ivory) 
African Imports:
Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia and America
New food products: corn and peanuts