1. Industry and Urban Growth
Chapter 18

2. A New Industrial Revolution
Section 1

3. Factors Leading to the Industrial Boom
Westward expansion
provided access to vast deposits of coal, iron, lead, and copper.
Pacific Northwest furnished lumber for building
Government policies
Congress gave land grants and other subsidies to railroads and other businesses.
kept tariffs high, which made foreign goods expensive
Railroads
Trains carried people and goods west.

4. Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Bessemer process
allowed people to make stronger steel at a lower cost
Steel replaced iron as the basic building material of industry.
Oil refining methods
Crude oil refined into lubricants for machines and gasoline to power engines and automobiles

5. Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Electrical power plant
Thomas Edison opened first one in 1882 in New York City
allowed people to use inventions such as the light bulb , the phonograph, and the motion picture camera

6. Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Telegraph
improved communication for American Business
Underwater telegraph
sped up communications with Europe

7. Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Telephone
invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
device that carried human voice

8. Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Typewriter
made office work faster and cheaper

9. Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Automobile
• ushered in an era of freer and faster transportation
Assembly line
• introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 to mass produce cars

10. Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Gas powered airplane
first tested by the Wright Brothers in 1903
later used by the military during WWI (World War 1)

11. Big Business and Organized Labor
Section 2

12. Corporation businesses owned by investors
raised capital by selling stock
run by a board of directors
limited risk for investors
shareholders received share of the profits

13. Trust consisted of a group of corporations run by a board of directors
by 1900, dominated many of the nation’s key industries
used Social Darwinism to justify efforts to limit competition
Let’s think:
What is a trust?
What is Social Darwinism?

14. Monopoly
a company that controls most or all business in a particular industry
Let’s think:
What are some examples of monopolies in the late 1800s?

15. Banks huge loans helped industry grow faster
J. Pierpont Morgan: most powerful force in the American Economy

16. Andrew Carnegie controlled steel industry
according to Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth philosophy, the rich had a duty to improve society
Andrew Carnegie Video

17. John D. Rockefeller
used profits from his first oil refinery to buy other oil companies
formed the Standard Oil Trust , which ended competition in the oil industry

18. Debate over big business
Arguments for:
Arguments against:
Lowered the price of goods
Built up the economy
Created jobs
Threat to free enterprise
Business leaders used their wealth to influence politicians 4A
Let’s think:
What is big business?
What is free enterprise?

19. Workplace Conditions Knights of Labor
Labor Unions
Hours: long Pay: low Conditions: often dangerous employers not required to pay compensation for workplace injuries
Goals: safer working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours
Early Unions:
Knights of Labor
AFL –American Federation of Labor 4B

20. Let’s think: What were the conditions like for factory workers?
What is a union?

21. Strikes become Violent
2 major strikes occurred in or near Chicago
The Haymarket Square Riot in 1886
At a rally in support of striking workers a bomb went off
Killed 7 police officers and numerous rioters
8 men were tried in connection with the bombing, although we still don’t know who put the bomb there
The Pullman strike in 1894
Pullman made railroad cars
Strikers walked off their jobs
Rail lines were shut down
Federal troops were sent in to end the strike
*The public typically sided with the owners not the strikers*
Child Labor and Unions

22. Cities Grow and Change
Section 3

23. Urbanization Urbanization: the rapid growth of City population
Why people were attracted to cities: industry provided jobs in cities
To meet the needs of shoppers, merchants developed the department store, which sold many kinds of goods in one store
Kinds of leisure activities cities offered: shopping, museums, orchestras, art galleries, theaters, parks, circuses, sporting events.

24. Expanding Cities Steel bridges helped speed up growth of suburbs.
Public transportation: subways, streetcars, elevated trains.
Public transportation gave rise to new living areas called suburbs.
Steel bridges helped speed up growth of suburbs.
New types of buildings:
Skyscrapers
Tenements

25. Skyscrapers and Steel Bridges
Flat Iron Building: completed 1902
Brooklyn Bridge: completed 1883

26. Living Patterns
Lived in oldest sections at cities’ centers: poor families
Lived away from city centers in row houses and apartments: middle class
Lived in fine homes on outskirts of cities: the rich

27. Rich
Poor

28. Problems of Urban Life
Fires endangered those in overcrowded neighborhoods.
Tenement life was bleak and crowded.
Slum streets were littered with garbage.
Disease was caused by poor sanitation.

29. Many times more than one family would live in a small tenement apartment
Let’s think:
What are some of the cons, or negatives, to living in the city?

30. Solutions to Problems Installed street lights
Provided by cities:
Installed street lights
Setup fire, sanitation, and police departments
Waged war on disease
Provided by religious groups:
Setup hospitals and clinics for the poor
Gave food, clothing, and shelter to the homeless
Provided by reformers:
Setup settlement houses, where volunteers helped the poor by teaching immigrants English, sponsoring music and sports for young people, and providing nurseries for children of working mothers

31. Jane Addams and Hull House
Set up Hull House in Chicago
Hull House became a safe place for the poor
Taught English to immigrants, opened day care centers, sponsored music and dance classes, opened the city’s first public play ground, served meals
Jane Addams was the 1st American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

32. Review 18.1 What is an assembly line? What was the Bessemer process?
What are tariffs?
How did they affect the American Economy in the late 1800s?
Who was Henry Ford? What did he do?

33. Review 18.2 Who was Andrew Carnegie?
How did Rockefeller control the oil industry?
What is a trust?
What were some arguments for and against big business?
Who were the Knights of Labor? Who were the American Federation of Labor?

34. Review 18.3 What is Urbanization?
What are some problems with urban life?
What were some solutions to the problems of urban life?
What were the causes and effects of the rapid growth of cities?
What leisure activities did people who lived in the city enjoy?