1. Organic Chemistry

2. What is Organic Chemistry?
Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry focused on hydrocarbons and their by-products
Can organic compounds be produced in a lab? Is petroleum an organic compound?
Yes and yes! Now we know that organic compounds can be produced without any help from living things

3. What products are made from petroleum?

4. Circle items that are made from petroleum

5. Watch the Fuel-less Video.
What other items are made from petroleum? (continue to circle on your page)

6. Let’s look at all of the petroleum products removed from the picture.

7. Were there any items that you didn’t know were made from petroleum?

8. What is petroleum made of?
hydrocarbons
____________________: compounds made of hydrogen and carbon
Organic compounds have a “________________” or carbon atoms linked together to form a chain that other atoms are attached to
These hydrocarbon chains have covalent bonds. What is a covalent bond?
backbone

9. How is Petroleum processed?
Fractional Distillation
Each compound has unique intermolecular forces that allow it to be separated

10. What do intermolecular forces affect?

11. Which has the highest boiling point?
BP= 59oC
BP= 151oC
Why?
Longer chain, more dispersion forces, stronger intermolecular force, higher boiling point

12. Which of the following molecules has the higher viscosity?
Why?
Longer chain, more dispersion forces, stronger intermolecular force, higher viscosity

13. Naming Organic Compounds

14. Types of Organic Compounds
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
These compounds are named based on: the number of carbon atoms and the type of bond between the carbons.

15. Organic Prefixes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex-
# of C Atoms
Prefix 1
Meth- 2
Eth- 3
Prop- 4
But- 5
Pent- 6
Hex- 7
Hept- 8
Oct- 9
Non- 10
Dec-
Organic Prefixes

16. Alkanes

17. CnH2n+2 Alkanes Hydrocarbon chain with all SINGLE covalent bonds
General Formula:
CnH2n+2
Examples:
Name
Formula
Methane
CH4
Propane
C5H12

18. Alkane Examples Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10
Name
Formula
Methane
CH4
Ethane
C2H6
Propane
C3H8
Butane
C4H10
Pentane
C5H12
Hexane
C6H14
Heptane
C7H16
Octane
C8H18
Nonane
C9H20
Decane
C10H22
Alkane Examples

19. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 NAME Pentane FORMULA C5H12 C7H16
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
CONDENSED FORMULA
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

20. Saturated Hydrocarbon
An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Saturated means: Each carbon atom is completely surrounded by single covalent bonds.
Example:

21. CnH2n Alkenes Hydrocarbon chain with at least one DOUBLE bond
General Formula:
CnH2n
Examples:
Name
Formula
Ethene
C2H4
Butene
C7H14

22. CnH2n–2 Alkynes Hydrocarbon chain with at least one TRIPLE bonds
General Formula:
CnH2n–2
Examples:
Name
Formula
Propyne
C3H4
Pentyne
C8H14

23. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated means: There is at least one double or triple bond in the molecule, making a carbon have less than four surrounding atoms.
Example:

24. Alkanes  Alkenes  Alkynes
Reactivity
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons.
Alkanes  Alkenes  Alkynes
Increases in reactivity

25. Isomers and Model Building

26. Isomers Isomers of Butane C4H10
Compounds that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of particles.
Isomers of Butane
C4H10

27. Do we live in a 2D world?
NO!
Lewis Structures are 2D
Models are 3D

28. 2D Representation
3D Representation

29. Drawing 3D Models Draw the Lewis Structure Build the Model
Bonds in the plane are straight lines Bonds behind the paper are dotted lines Bonds coming toward you are bolded lines
Name
Lewis Structure
3D Representation
Methane

30. Alternative Fuels

31. Petroleum is made of hydrocarbon chains
Burning petroleum provides nearly ___________ of the total U.S. energy needs.
Most petroleum is used as a __________. Converted to ______________, petroleum powers millions of U.S. automobiles.
_____% of all petroleum is used as fuel. Only about ___% is used for producing new substances.
half
fuel
gasoline 89 7

32. Burning Petroleum oxygen carbon dioxide water vapor nonrenewable
When hydrocarbons burn, they react with ___________ to form _________________ gas and _______________.
How long will it take for natural processes to replace used petroleum fuel?
This is because petroleum is a ____________________ resource.
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water vapor
MILLIONS OF YEARS!!!
nonrenewable

33. Why should we limit the amount of petroleum burned?
Nonrenewable resource
Increases CO2 emissions that adds to pollution
What are alternatives to burning petroleum for energy?

34. Functional Groups

35. Molecules Containing Oxygen
Commonly known as builder molecules
Functional Group:
an atom or group of atoms that has characteristic properties to organic compounds

36. ALCOHOLS Molecule with an –OH group attached to a carbon atom
General formula: R-OH
Examples:
CH3-OH Methanol
CH3CH2-OH Ethanol

37. Common products that contain alcohols
Rubbing Alcohol
Cough Medicine
Hair Gel

38. ETHER One oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon chains, one on each end
Name ends in “ether”
General formula: Example:
Dimethyl Ether

39. Common products that contain ethers
Some Cosmetics
Starter Fluid
Anise Seed used for bread and cookies

40. CARBOXYLIC ACID C Contains 2 oxygen atoms
One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom
Name ends in “oic acid”
General formula: Example:
Ethanoic acid C

41. Common products that contain carboxylic acids
Coconut
Some Fruits
Vinegar

42. ESTER C Contains 2 oxygen atoms
One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom
Name ends in “oate”
General formula: Example:
Methyl ethanoate C

43. Common products that contain esters
Bananas
Oranges
Responsible for different smells of substances!
Flowers

44. Other functional groups may contain atoms of: nitrogen, sulfur, or chlorine

45. Ester Smell Kit Hyacinth Roses Mushroom Vinegar Orange Spearmint
Caraway
Wintergreen
Cinnamon
Germaniums
Peppermint
Vanilla
Banana
Pear
Strawberry
Licorice
Coconut
Peach
Jasmine
Violets

46. Creating New Options: Petrochemicals

47. Petrochemicals: Compounds produced from oil or natural gas
Common Petrochemicals:
Detergents
Pesticides
Pharmaceuticals
Cosmetics
Raw materials for production of other synthetic substances such as plastics
Plastics include: paints, fabrics, rubber, insulation materials, foams, adhesives, molding, and structural materials

48. Addition Reactions
Reactivity: Single bonds < double bonds < triple bonds
Addition reaction: reaction at the double or triple bond within an organic molecule
The water molecule “adds” to the double- bonded carbon atoms by placing an H- on one carbon and an –OH group on the other. C H
H-OH  OH

49. Polymerization
Polymer: large molecule typically composed of 500 – 20,000 or more repeating units
These repeating units are called monomers.

50. What is the monomer?
Polymers formed in this type of reaction are called addition polymers.

51. Structure influences the Function!
Properties
The atoms which compose the monomers dictate the properties of the polymer.
These polymers are often altered to meet a variety of needs and to produce a multitude of products.
Structure influences the Function!

52. Condensation Polymers
Condensation Reactions:
Involve the loss of simple molecules such as water when monomer units join.

53. The functional groups of the carboxylic acid and alcohol combine
to form a water molecule.
The remaining atoms join to form an ester.

54. Examples Synthetic polymers Natural polymers: Nylon Polyester
Carbohydrates
Starch
Cellulose
Fats
Proteins

55. Structure of Natural Polymers

56. Elements in Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

57. Monomers of Carbohydrates
Called monosaccharides
Contains 5 or 6 carbon atoms

58. Glucose usually exists in a ring
Glucose usually exists in a ring. Circle the functional group in the glucose molecules below. 
 
What functional group is this?

59. Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide.
glucose
fructose
sucrose

60. Linking Monomers What does a condensation reaction produce? WATER!!
Monomers link together to form polymers.
Monosaccharides link together to form polysaccharides.

61. Polymer 1
starch
Polymer 1 is a ____________. Present in grains and vegetables. Easily digested by the body and can be used for energy.

62. Polymer 2
cellulose
Polymer 2 is __________. Found in plants and trees. Indigestible carbohydrate which is commonly referred to as ________.
fiber

63. Another way to combine C, H, and O atoms
FATS
Another way to combine C, H, and O atoms

64. A typical fat is a triglyceride
What functional group is this?

65. Triglyceride Composition
Triglycerides are composed of
one glycerol molecule
three fatty acids
What functional groups does glycerol have?
Alcohol groups

66. These are two examples of fatty acids
These are two examples of fatty acids. What functional groups do fatty acids have?
Carboxylic acid
Palmitic acid
Linoletic acid
Carboxylic acid

67. Saturated or Unsaturated
Which fatty acid is saturated? A or B?
Which fatty acid is unsaturated? A or B? A B

68. Glycerol + Fatty Acid  Triglyceride
Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid  Ester
Ester Linkage

69. Triglyceride Formation
1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty  1 Triglyceride + 3 Water acids (fat) molecules
Since water is formed… what type of reaction is this???
CONDENSATION!!

70. Proteins

71. What are the monomers of proteins?
AMINO ACIDS!!

72. What is an amino acid?
Compound with amino group and carboxylic acid group.
Amino acids link together to form proteins using peptide bonds
Proteins vary from 10 to several thousand amino acids long

73. How do amino acids link?
Two functional groups combine to form a peptide bond.
Carboxylic Acid
Amino Group
Peptide Bond

74. Protein Formation CONDENSATION!!
Amino Acid + Amino Acid  Peptide + Water
Since water is formed… what type of reaction is this???
CONDENSATION!!

75. Summary
Natural Polymer
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins