1. Lecture 12: Organic compounds: Functional groups and the molecules of life
FALL 2016
Course lecturer :
Jasmin Šutković
6th January 2017

2. Contents 1. Arenes Alcohols and Ethers Aldehydes and Ketones
International University of Sarajevo
1. Arenes
Alcohols and Ethers
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic acid
Molecules of life
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

3. Arenes
Most arenes with a single six-membered ring are volatile liquids- AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (CYCLIC)
Compounds containing both aliphatic and aromatic parts.
Alkylbenzenes
Alkenylbenzenes
Alkynylbenzenes
Etc….

4. Volatility ?
Volatility is a measure of a substance's vapor pressure and it's tendency to vaporize.

5. How they are produced?

6. Aromatic VS. Aliphatic
In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes: 
aromatic compounds, which contain benzene or similarly aromatic rings of atoms, and 
aliphatic compounds  which do not contain those rings.

7. Alkylbenzenes, nomenclature:
Special names

8. others named as “alkyl benzenes”:

9. Alcohols
Alcohols are characterized by the presence of an -OH group generally in a bent shape, like that of water.
Due to the presence of an -OH group, alcohols can hydrogen bond. This leads to higher boiling points compared to their parent alkanes.
Alcohols are polar in nature. This is attributed to the difference in electronegativity between the carbon and the oxygen atoms.
Are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on whether the –OH group is bonded to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon

10. Ethers
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups — of general formula R–O–R'.
Good solvents for organic compounds
Unreactive because they lack the –OH unit

11. Reminder

12. Aldehydes
An ALDEHYDE is an organic compound containing a formyl group. This functional group, with the structure R-CHO, consists of a carbonyl center (a carbon double bonded to oxygen) bonded to hydrogen and an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.
Contain the carbonyl functional group
Prepared by the oxidation of alcohols

13. Ketones
A KETONE  is an organic compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents.
Ketones feature a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms.
Many ketones are known and many are of great importance in industry and in biology. Examples include many sugars (ketoses) and the industrial solvent acetone.

14. Carboxylic Acids
Compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group are weak= acids.
Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids because they are proton (H+) donors. They are the most common type of organic acid.
Among the simplest examples are formic acid H-COOH, which occurs in ants, and acetic acid CH3-COOH, which gives vinegar its sour taste.
Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and food additives.

15. Examples

17. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Esters
Esters are chemical compounds consisting of a carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage.
Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Several billion kilograms of polyesters are produced industrially annually.

18. The Molecules of Life
• All the functional groups described are found in the organic molecules that constitute and maintain every living organism on Earth
• The most abundant substances found in living systems belong to four major classes:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic acids

19. Proteins
• Proteins are biologically active polymers formed from amino acids linked together by amide bonds; in addition to an amine group and a carboxylic acid group, each amino acid contains a characteristic R group
The nature of the R group determines the particular chemical properties of each amino acid !!!
• All the amino acids found in proteins are chiral compounds except glycine, which suggests that their interactions with other chiral compounds are selective.
• Some proteins are enzymes that catalyze biological reactions

21. Essential, Nonessential, and Conditional
Essential – must be consumed in the diet
Nonessential – can be synthesized in the body
Conditionally essential – cannot be synthesized due to illness or lack of necessary precursors
Premature infants lack sufficient enzymes needed to create arginine

23. Lipids – Characterized by their insolubility in water
– Form a family of compounds that includes fats, waxes, vitamins, and steroids
– Fatty acids are the simplest lipids and have a long hydrocarbon chain that ends with a carboxylic acid functional group
1. Saturated fatty acids—the hydrocarbon chains contain only C–C single bonds that stack in a regular array
2. Unsaturated fatty acids—have a single double bond in the hydrocarbon chain (monounsaturated) or more than one double bond (polyunsaturated); double bonds give fatty acid chains a kinked structure, which prevents the molecules from packing tightly

24. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are the basic structural components of DNA and RNA, the biochemical substances found in the nuclei of cells that transmit the information needed to direct cellular growth and reproduction !!
• Structures are derived from nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds called pyrimidines and purines.
• When a pyrimidine or purine is linked to a sugar by a bond called a glycosidic bond, a nucleoside is formed; addition of a phosphoric acid group to the sugar produces a nucleotide !

26. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides link to form a polymeric chain that consists of alternating sugar and phosphate groups that are the backbone of DNA and RNA!!!!
• The function of DNA is to preserve genetic information, and RNA translates the genetic information in DNA and carries that information to cellular sites where proteins are synthesized

27. DNA AND RNA

29. Structural Differences Between Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
Figure 6.1

30. One more lecture to go….
Next Tuesday Lecture 13
Next Friday Seminar presentations