1. The Struggle for Rights
Essential Questions:
Why does conflict develop?

2. Vocabulary
Poll Tax (Pay to Vote) – A tax of a fixed amount that a voter must pay in order to vote
Lynch (Public Hanging) – To put to death, usually by hanging, without a legal trial

3. Vocabulary
Mutualista (Organization that helps Mexicans) – A Mexican American mutual aid society

4. The Struggle for Rights
The reforms of the Progressive Era did not benefit African Americans, who actually lost rights in Texas in the early 1900s. African Americans lost their political support when part of the Republican Party began to view the championing of civil rights as politically unpopular.

5. The Struggle for Rights
In 1902, Texas established a poll tax, which was a fee people had to pay to be able to vote. Poll taxes kept minorities and the poor from voting. Texas Democrats passed Jim Crow laws forcing African Americans to use separate water fountains, restrooms, railway cars, and railroad station waiting rooms. Jim Crow laws allowed the segregation of public facilities and education.

6. The Struggle for Rights
African Americans were subject to violence, and those accused of even minor crimes were sometimes lynched (killed) by white mobs.

7. The Struggle for Rights
African Americans resisted discrimination by founding newspapers and organizations aimed at supporting their communities and working toward civil rights. In 1893, Charles N. Love founded the Texas Freeman, which later merged with another newspaper, to form the Informer and Texas Freeman, which is the oldest African American newspaper west of the Mississippi River.

8. The Struggle for Rights
The first Texas chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed in Houston in 1912 to work for equal rights.

9. The Struggle for Rights
Many Mexicans who fled to Texas to escape the Mexican Revolution settled at first in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Many Mexican immigrants became migrant workers in Texas and eventually settled along the migration routes.

13. What forms of segregation did Mexican Americans in Texas face?

14. Migrant workers in the early 1900s picked a variety of products, including fruit and vegetables, like those working in this carrot field. Cotton growers were major employers of migrant workers as well.
Why did most Texas towns and cities, except for those in the northeast, have Tejano populations by the 1930s?

15. The Struggle for Rights
The Tejano population in South Texas had grown by the early 1900s, and discrimination became common.

16. The Struggle for Rights
Violence often broke out near the Rio Grande between Anglos and Mexican groups. Mexican Americans often clashed along the border with Texas Rangers.
Why was the role of the Texas Rangers in preventing violence along the Rio Grande controversial?

17. The Struggle for Rights
Mexican Americans and Tejanos faced similar discrimination and segregation as that experienced by African Americans.

18. The Struggle for Rights
Mexican Americans fought discrimination by becoming organized within labor unions and forming organizations such as mutualistas. These groups helped individuals financially with weddings, baptisms, and funerals.

19. Quiz
1. The reforms of the Progressive Era did not benefit _____, who actually lost rights in Texas in the early 1900s.
 A. women
 B. African Americans 
C. farmers 
D. business owners B
2. In 1902, Texas established a _____, which was a fee people had to pay to be able to vote.
 A. primary tax 
B. poll tax 
C. special license 
D. voting bill B

20. Quiz
3. Texas Democrats passed Jim Crow laws forcing _____ to use separate water fountains, restrooms, railway cars, and railroad station waiting rooms.
A. African Americans
B. women 
C. children 
D. Mexican Americans A
4. African Americans were subject to violence, and those accused of even minor crimes were sometimes _____ by white mobs.
arrested
sued 
lynched
D. tried C

21. Quiz
5. In 1893, _____ founded the Texas Freeman, which later merged with another newspaper, to form the Informer and Texas Freeman, which is the oldest African American newspaper west of the Mississippi River.
 A. Paul Wiley 
B. Charles N. Love 
C. W.E. King
 D. Paul Quinn B
6. Mexican Americans often clashed along the border with _____.
A. African Americans 
B. Native Americans
 C. Texas Rangers
 D. migrant workers C

22. Quiz
7. The first Texas chapter of the _____ was formed in Houston in 1912 to work for equal rights.
A. Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
 B. Mexican American Society
 C. Society of Suffragists
 D. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) D
8. Many Mexicans who fled to Texas to escape the Mexican Revolution settled at first in _____.
A. the Lower Rio Grande Valley
 B. the Panhandle
 C. El Paso
 D. the Piney Woods A

23. Quiz B A 9. Segregation was a problem for Tejanos as well as _____.
A. women
 B. African Americans
 C. Native Americans
 D. business owners B
10. People in the Tejano community founded aid societies called _____, to help individuals financially and help maintain Mexican culture as well.
A. mutalistas 
B. maquiladoras
 C. migrant banks
D. pueblas A