1. Assessing The Eyes
DR. ALI ALIBRAHIMI
M.B.Ch.B
ASSESSING THE EYES

2. Structure & Functions External Structures
Eyelids and lashes:
Protect the eyes
Lacrimal glands and ducts:
Produce tears
Conjunctiva:
Provide lubrication

3. Sclera:
Gives shape and structure to eye
Iris:
Controls amount of light entering eye; provides eye color
Extraocular muscles:
Control eye movement

4. Cornea:
Transparent, avascular outer layer of the eyeball
Anterior chamber:
Filled with aqueous humor
Pupil:
The aperture of the iris

6. Structure & Functions Internal Structures
Optic disc and physiological cup:
Area where the optic nerve and the blood vessels enter the eye
Retinal blood vessels:
Blood supply to eye

7. Retina:
Inner layer; receives light waves that are sent to brain and converted into visible perceptions
Macula:
Avascular, darker area of central vision

11. Visual Acuity Far vision: Snellen eye chart
Near vision: read newsprint 13 to 15” from eyes
Color vision: identify color bars on Snellen or use color plates
Peripheral vision: come in from the periphery in all fields and note field cuts

13. Retinoscopical examination
Means examination of the retina(visualization of ocular fundus)

15. 3 methods of fundal examination : 1- direct ophthalmoscopy ; by which a magnification of about 15 times is obtained 2- indirect ophthalmoscopy: by which a larger field is obtained , but with magnification 0f 4-5 times 3- slit lamp bio microscopy : combined with a condensing lens to neutralize the corneal refractive power .

16. The red reflex:  refers to the reddish-orange reflection of light from the eye's retina that is observed when using an ophthalmoscope or retinoscope from approximately 30 cm / 1 foot. This examination is usually performed in a dimly lit or dark room.
Many eye problems may be detected by this test, such as:
Cataracts - show leukocoria, or white coloration of the eye which may be from rubella or other maternal infections
Retinoblastoma - shows leukocoria.
Newborns are regularly screened for retinoblastomas with an ophthalmoscope

19. What You Should See by ophthalmoscope
•Magnified view of surface structures (pupil, iris, sclera, contact lenses)– using ophthalmoscope like a magnifying glass
•To view retina, must see through intervening structures (powered view )
***if no obstruction red reflex visualized when look from a distance to the pupil.

21. Viewing The Retina
•at any time, only 15% of retina visible( without pupillary dilatation) while with pupillary dilatation about 50% of the fundus is visualized
•Follow vessels (branches of tree trunk) optic disc
•Be systematic:
–Optic disc
–Vessels (veins & arteries)
–Retina (in quadrants)
–Macula ask the patient to your light

26. Clinical application
Papilledema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. The swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks. Unilateral presentation is extremely rare. Papilledema is mostly seen as a sign resulting from another pathophysiological process.
In intracranial hypertension, papilledema most commonly occurs bilaterally. When papilledema is found on fundoscopy, further evaluation is warranted as vision loss can result if the underlying condition is not treated. Further evaluation with a CT or MRI of the brain and/or spine is mandatory

27. Signs and symptoms Causes :
venous engorgement (usually the first signs)
loss of venous pulsation
blurring of optic margins
elevation of optic dis
hemorrhages over and / or adjacent to the optic disc
Causes :
CPAP therapy
Brain tumor
Malignant hypertension
Respiratory failure or sleep apnea