1.
Cellular Respiration Campbell Chapter 9 Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site & Dr. Chuck Downing

2. In the last chapter green plants used ________________
AUTOTROPHS
___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food
In the last chapter green plants
used ________________
trap energy from __________
and make ______________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
sunlight
food (glucose)

3. In this chapter we will learn how ______________
 Image from:
In this chapter we will learn how ______________
get their energy by consuming other organisms.
HETEROTROPHS
GLUCOSE
We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals
that ate the plants.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

4. In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
broken down
energy
ATP
What kind of organisms do this?

5. ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel
Animals
(Including humans)
plants
bacteria
fungi

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2 C6H12O6
___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________
6 H2O
C6H12O6
6O2
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6
6 CO2
_____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________
______________________________________________________________
6O2
6 H2O
The two equations are exact opposites!

8. REMEMBER: OIL RIG OXIDATION REDUCTION
REMEMBER: OIL RIG
OXIDATION REDUCTION
Is Loss of electrons Is Gain of electrons
Remove H Add H
Releases energy Stores energy
Exergonic Endergonic
OXIDATION
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Gain of hydrogen atoms
Energy
REDUCTION

9. slowly in ________________. many steps
CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________
in ________________.
If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________!
slowly
many steps
light and heat
See why cells
use cellular respiration

10. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step
Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP
Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen

11. MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________ membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ )
Space between inner membrane & outer membrane
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds
= _________________
DOUBLE
CRISTAE
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
MATRIX

12. HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS
FAD → FADH2
NAD+ → NADH

13. The first step in cellular respiration = _______________ Also called
_________________________________
happens in the ________________
outside the mitochondria
occurs _________________________
GLYCOLYSIS
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
CYTOPLASM
with or without oxygen
See glycolysis movie

14. PREPARATORY PHASE (energy investment)
Steps – A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP.
Glucose 1 3
Details of glycolysis
Step 1
Glucose-6-phosphate 2
Fructose-6-phosphate 3
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Step A six-carbon intermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 4
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Arraugh!
Like, this
is way hard!
ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE 5
Step A redox reaction generates NADH. 5
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 6
Steps – ATP and pyruvic acid are produced.
3-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 6 9 7
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 8
2-Phosphoenolpyruvate (2 molecules) 9
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules per glucose molecule)

15. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )
Requires ____________to get it started.
sweet
Split apart
ENERGY

16. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
= using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient
MITOCHONDRION

17. PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= ANAEROBIC
= AEROBIC

18. AP Objectives
Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate
Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. [See also 4.A.2]

19. Cellular respiration Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrix;
pyruvate → CO2
NADH made
Electron Transport Chain:
cristae; NADH & FADH2 donate electrons → oxygen
Glycolysis: cytosol; glucose → pyruvate

20. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA produced
For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA
1 molecule of CO2 is released;
NAD+ ---> NADH;
Coenzyme A (from B vitamin)
Krebs Cycle Animation-

21. Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle Animation
OAA
CITRIC ACID

22. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain.           

23. Kreb’s Cycle
Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid
CoA recycles
2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2
For each pyruvate that enters:
2 CO2 released 3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH; 1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule

24. Electron transport chain

25. The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membrane
Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes.
In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen.

26. Why don't both
electron carriers
make the same
amount of ATP?

27. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration.
In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane.
The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and inorganic   phosphate.

28. More on Making ATP 3 places in the chain make ATP NADH FADH2
Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.

29. Electron transport chain
ETC includes Cytochromes
Ubiquinone (Q)
NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC
Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ ions in __________________
________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)
________ is final electron acceptor → ________
intermembrane space
ATP synthase
H2O
Oxygen

30. Free energy becomes available for metabolism by the conversion of ATP from ADP, which is coupled to many steps in metabolic pathways.

31. Cellular Respiration Grand Total
Glycolysis: →2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP
38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria)
NET of 36 ATP

32. WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN?
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= ANAEROBIC
= AEROBIC

33. Related metabolic processes
Fermentation:
alcohol~
pyruvate →ethanol
lactic acid~
pyruvate → lactate

34. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
CO2
NAD+
Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread
Alcohol evaporates during cooking

35. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
CO2
NAD+
Used to make alcoholic beverages

36. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
NAD+
Happens in muscles during exercise when body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness

37. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
NAD+
Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese,
buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi

38. WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full.
Eventually glycolysis will
builds up
NAD+
NAD+

39. → → FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________
PYRUVIC ACID
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
CO2
NAD+
ALCOHOL →
NAD+
LACTIC ACID
______ →
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
REGENERATE the NAD+

40. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
__________________________
= organisms that can make ATP using either fermentation or cellular respiration
Ex: yeast and many bacteria
With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle
Without oxygen → fermentation
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

41. Beta oxidation= Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel
__________________= breakdown of fatty acids
into 2 carbon fragments
that enter Krebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
1 g of fat → twice as much ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate
Beta oxidation=

42. Evolutionary Significance
Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present
Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago
Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cells since eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes (Endosymbiotic theory)

43. VOCAB OVERLOAD ?

44. CHEMIOSMOSIS = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient.
It occurs in all living things
Chloroplasts
do it to make ATP
in light reactions
Mitochondria do it to make ATP following ETC
Prokaryotes create gradient across cell membrane to make ATP to pump nutrients & waste and move flagella

45. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
= Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP
CHLOROPLAST

46. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
= using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane to make ATP
MITOCHONDRION

48. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
= using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient
MITOCHONDRION