1. In the last chapter green plants used ________________
___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food
In the last chapter green plants
used ________________
trap energy from __________
and make ______________

2. In this chapter we will learn how ______________
 Image from:
In this chapter we will learn how ______________
get their energy by consuming other organisms.
We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals
that ate the plants.

3. In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
What kind of organisms do this?

4. ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel
Animals
(Including humans)
plants
bacteria
fungi

6. PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
_____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________
______________________________________________________________
The two equations are exact opposites!

7. REMEMBER: OIL RIG OXIDATION REDUCTION
REMEMBER: OIL RIG
OXIDATION REDUCTION
Is Loss of electrons Is Gain of electrons
Remove H Add H
Releases energy Stores energy
Exergonic Endergonic
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Gain of hydrogen atoms
Energy

8. CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________
in ________________.
If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________!

9. THE BIG PICTURE PLAYED OUT BEFORE YOUR EYES...

10. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step
Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP
Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen

11. Link to Example of Coupled Reaction with Delta G Values
Look at middle of page Titled “How Free Energy Works” section: delta G values are shown for ATP hydrolysis and NADH

12. MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________ membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ )
Space between inner membrane & outer membrane
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds
= _________________
DOUBLE

14. Text
ATP Synthase
inner membrane impermeable to H+ ions; therefore creates a force/charge gradient or voltage difference; electropotential.

15. HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS
FAD → FADH2
NAD+ → NADH
GREAT ANIMATION OF ELECTRON PUSH!! WATCH THIS!!

16. The first step in cellular respiration = _______________ Also called
_________________________________
happens in the ________________
outside the mitochondria
occurs _________________________
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
See glycolysis movie

17. PREPARATORY PHASE (energy investment)
Steps – A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP.
Glucose 1 3
Details of glycolysis
You Do Not Have To Memorize
Step 1
Glucose-6-phosphate 2
Fructose-6-phosphate 3
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Step A six-carbon intermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 4
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE 5
Step A redox reaction generates NADH. 5
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 6
Steps – ATP and pyruvic acid are produced.
3-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 6 9 7
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 8
2-Phosphoenolpyruvate (2 molecules) 9
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules per glucose molecule)

18. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )
Requires ____________to get it started.
ENERGY

19. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
= using energy from breaking a chemical bond of a )____ (like glucose) to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP_____________________
(glycolysis is substrate-level
phosphorylation and NOT
very efficient)
MITOCHONDRION

21. PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)

22. Cellular respiration Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrix;
pyruvate → CO2
NADH made
Electron Transport Chain:
cristae; NADH & FADH2 donate electrons → oxygen
Glycolysis: cytosol; glucose → pyruvate

23. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA produced
For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA
1 molecule of CO2 is released;
NAD+ ---> NADH;
Coenzyme A (from B vitamin)
Krebs Cycle Animation-

24. Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle Animation
OAA
CITRIC ACID

25. Kreb’s Cycle
Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid
CoA recycles
2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2
For each pyruvate that enters:
2 CO2 released 3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH; 1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule

26. Electron transport chain

27. ATP Synthase: The machine that keeps on turnin’........
t/index.htm (great animation)
Real in-vivo video of ATP synthase action in live cell:
ATP cycle animation (slapping a phosphate on)
Advanced animations (awesome if you have time) scroll down to metabolic/respiration 26

28. Why don't both
electron carriers
make the same
amount of ATP?

29. More on Making ATP 3 places in the chain make ATP NADH FADH2
Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.

30. Electron transport chain
ETC includes Cytochromes
Ubiquinone (Q)
NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC
Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ ions in __________________
________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)
________ is final electron acceptor → ________

31. Cellular Respiration Grand Total
Glycolysis: →2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP
38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria)
NET of 36 ATP

32. WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN?
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)

33. Related metabolic processes
Fermentation:
alcohol~
pyruvate →ethanol
lactic acid~
pyruvate → lactate

34. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread
Alcohol evaporates during cooking

35. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
Happens in muscles during exercise when body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness

36. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
NAD+
Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese,
buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi

37. WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full.
Eventually glycolysis will
NAD+

38. → → FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
PYRUVIC ACID
CO2
NAD+
ALCOHOL →
NAD+
LACTIC ACID
______ →
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going

39. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
__________________________
= organisms that can make ATP using either fermentation or cellular respiration
Ex: yeast and many bacteria
With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle
Without oxygen → fermentation
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

40. Beta oxidation= Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel
__________________= breakdown of fatty acids
into 2 carbon fragments
that enter Krebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
1 g of fat → twice as much ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate
Beta oxidation=

41. Evolutionary Significance
Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present
Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago
Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cells since eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes (Endosymbiotic theory)

42. CHEMIOSMOSIS = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient.
It occurs in all living things
Chloroplasts
do it to make ATP
in light reactions
Mitochondria do it to make ATP following ETC
Prokaryotes create gradient across cell membrane to make ATP to pump nutrients & waste and move flagella

43. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
= Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP
CHLOROPLAST

44. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
= using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane to make ATP
MITOCHONDRION

46. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
= using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient
MITOCHONDRION

47. Many Regulatory Steps Control Cell Respiration
Main regulatory step in cell respiration occurs at beginning during glycolysis.
An enzyme called PFK (phosphfructokinase) plays major role in regulating ATP production in Kreb’s.
Allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase sets the pace of respiration.
This enzyme catalyzes the earliest step that irreversibly commits the substrate to glycolysis.
Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme with receptor sites for specific inhibitors and activators.
It is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP (derived from ADP).
When ATP levels are high, inhibition of this enzyme slows glycolysis.
As ATP levels drop and ADP and AMP levels rise, the enzyme becomes active again and glycolysis speeds up.