1. Cellular Energy
Biology

2. Vocabulary
ATP
Phosphorylation
Photosynthesis
Pigments

3. ATP All cells need __________for life.
ENERGY
All cells need __________for life.
Some things we use energy for are:
Moving
Thinking
Sleeping
Breathing
Growing
Reproducing

4. The principal chemical compound used by living things to store energy is: adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Labeled Sketch:
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups

5. Energy Storage/ Energy Release
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery
Energy can be stored by adding a phosphate group to ADP, creating ATP, called phosphorylation.
Breaking the phosphate chemical bond in ATP releases energy, changing the ATP back into ADP.

6. ATP:
ATP is used for active transport, movement of cell organelles and other basic functions (mitosis, etc)
Glucose: sugar molecule that stores 90 times more energy than ATP. Glucose is used to regenerate ATP.

7. Why do we use ATP? Why not just get energy from sugar directly?
ATP is small units of energy. Sugar is a very high energy molecule (if you burn it all at once…spontaneous combustion!)

8. Comparison of burning a marshmallow at a campfire vs in your body.
When sugar burned in fire:
Both have in common (Similarities)
When sugar burned in body
Energy is released quickly as heat and light
-Glucose and oxygen are reactants.
-Carbon dioxide and water are products.
-Both release energy.
Energy is stored in small ATP molecules for slow use

9. Analogy: Power lines= sugar = tons of energy
Wall socket = ATP = smaller units of energy

10. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Process by which plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to produce sugar (and oxygen).
Basic Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O 
C6H12O6 + 6O2

11. Photosynthesis Experiments
1600’s – Van Helmont
Determined that mass gained during plant growth does NOT come from the soil. He concluded it must come from the water he added.
1700’s – Preistly
Determined that plants release oxygen
1700’s – Ingenhousz
Building on Preistly’s work, he determined that oxygen was only produced in the presence of light.

12. Photosynthesis Equation in Detail
Chemical Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ATP + NADPH
Glucose continues to be processed into ATP.
ATP utilized as energy for reactions
NADPH used in later photosynthesis reactions
Oxygen released for use in aerobic reactions
How do plants USE these raw materials?

13. Light and Pigments Why are most plants green?
Are there plants / photosynthetic organisms that are other colors?
-Why?
The answer lies in:
Light Spectra
Pigments

14. Light and Pigments What is the light spectra?
Visible light is just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum

15. Light and Pigments
The longest wavelengths have the lowest energies. (radio)
As wavelengths decrease, the energy increases. (gamma)

16. Light and Pigments red orange yellow green blue indigo violet.
Different colors correspond to different wavelengths
The colors of the rainbow are ROY G BIV:
red orange yellow green blue indigo violet.
red has the longest wavelength, and the lowest energy
violet has the shortest wavelength, and the highest energy

17. Only red light is reflected
Seeing color
The color an object appears depends on the colors of light it reflects.
For example, a red book only reflects red light:
Homework
White
light
Only red light is reflected
Homework

18. Purple light White light
A pair of purple pants would reflect purple light
(and red and blue, as purple is made up of red and blue):
Purple light
A white hat would reflect all seven colors:
Homework
White
light

19. Using colored light
If we look at a colored object in colored light we see something different.
Shirt looks red
White
light
Homework
Shorts look blue

20. In different colors of light these clothes would look different:
Red
light
Shirt looks red
Shorts look black
Shirt looks black
Blue
light
Homework
Shorts look blue

21. Light and Pigments
Plants gather light spectra with light absorbing molecules called PIGMENTS
The major pigment used by plants is chlorophyll
There are two main chlorophyll types a and b

22. But very poorly in the green part of the spectrum.
Light and Pigments
Chlorophyll a and b absorb light very well in the violet/blue and orange/red parts of the spectrum.
But very poorly in the green part of the spectrum.
This makes most plants green (remember, to see a color it needs to be reflected)

23. Light and Pigments Beta-carotene (orange)
Other pigments are also present in plants that use other wavelengths
These include:
Beta-carotene (orange)
Xanthophyll (Lutein) (yellow)

24. There is so much chlorophyll, it masks other pigment colors.
Light and Pigments
Autumn Leaves
There is so much chlorophyll, it masks other pigment colors.
Light regulates chlorophyll production, so shorter days means less chlorophyll is produced, and the green color fades.
Anthocynanins, producing red color, are produced during the breakdown of chlorophyll.

25. Photosynthesis And the Calvin Cycle
Biology

26. Vocabulary
Granum
Photophosphorylation
Stroma
Thylakoid

27. (AKA The Dark Reaction)
Overview of Reactions
1) The Light Reaction
Reactants
H2O Light
NADP+ ADP + P
Products
ATP NADPH O2
2) The Calvin Cycle
(AKA The Dark Reaction)
CO2 ATP NADPH
Sugar NADP+ ADP + P

28. Location of Reactions
Thylakoid: Sac-like photosynthetic membranes, location of the light reaction
Granum: A collection or stack of thylakoids
Stroma: Gel-like space outside the thylakoid, location of the Calvin Cycle

29. Location of Reactions Chloroplast Water O2 Sugars CO2 Stroma Thylakoid
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Stroma
Thylakoid

30. Photophosphorylation
Definition: Using light energy to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP
A way to hold energy.

31. What is NADPH / NADP+ ?
NADPH is a co-enzyme that is an electron carrier.
It exists in two forms:
NADPH has the electron
NADP+ lacks the electron

32. Two Sets of Reactions
Light dependent reactions: use light to store energy in carrier molecules (ATP, NADPH)

33. Photosynthesis Light Reaction
1) What is water needed for?
Used in the light reaction when sunlight is present
Water O2
Sugars
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
Animation
ATP
NADPH

34. Photosynthesis Light Reaction
2) What product is released at the end of the light reaction?
Oxygen
Water O2
Sugars
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

35. Photosynthesis Light Reaction
3) What two high energy molecules are produced by the light reaction
Water O2
Sugars
CO2
ATP
&
NADPH
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

36. Two Sets of Reactions Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle):
Uses energy from light dependent reactions to produce sugars

37. Photosynthesis Light Reaction
4) What is carbon dioxide needed for?
Water O2
Sugars
CO2
Provides Carbon to make sugar in the Calvin Cycle
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

38. Photosynthesis Light Reaction
5) What product is made at the end of the Calvin Cycle?
Water O2
Sugars
CO2
Sugar (Glucose)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

39. Photosynthesis Light Reaction
6) What two low energy molecules are produced at the end of the Calvin Cycle?
Water O2
Sugars
CO2
Chloroplast
ADP + P
NADP+
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

40. Location of Reactions
The light reaction takes place in the thylakoid membranes.
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma.
The light reaction requires energy from the sun

41. 10) Which part of photosynthesis uses ATP to make energy?
The Calvin Cycle
Water O2
Sugars
CO2
What kind of energy storage molecule is made using the energy from ATP?
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Sugar

43. Calvin Cycle Overview
Animation 1
Animation 2

44. Chapter 9 Chemical Pathways
Cellular Respiration
Biology
Chapter 9
Chemical Pathways

45. Vocabulary Aerobic Anaerobic calorie Cellular respiration Fermentation
Glycolysis

46. Basic Need for Energy
Energy in Food: What is the difference between a: calorie(lower case c) and Calorie (upper case C)?
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C.
A Calorie is a kilocalorie, or 1000 calories
For example, 1 gram of glucose releases 3811 calories, on a food label 3.8 Calories

47. Basic Need for Energy
Energy in Food: Organisms cannot use glucose directly, it must be broken down into smaller units.
This process in living things begins with glycolysis.
If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain – This is called Cellular Respiration

48. An Overview: Cellular Respiration
The equation for cellular respiration is exactly the opposite of photosynthesis.
Equation:
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O and energy

49. Breaking Down Energy Slowly:
Glucose needs to be broken down in small steps so that energy is not wasted.

50. First Step: Glycolysis
Definition: The process of breaking the glucose in half to forming 2 molecules of pyruvate, a 3 carbon chain.
Uses 2 ATP to start reaction
Produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH

51. Glycolysis Does not require oxygen
Very Fast – thousands of ATP produced in milliseconds
Stops when it runs out of NAD+ (electron carrier)
If oxygen is available: Cellular respiration starts
If oxygen is NOT available, to make more NAD+, your body goes through fermentation.
This way ATP can be made even without Oxygen.

52. Why use ATP in Glycolysis if you want ATP?
You have to use a little energy to make even more energy.
Like a bank, you put money in to earn interest.
Animation

53. Fermentation
Fermentation is releasing energy in the absence of oxygen. It is an ANAEROBIC process.
Ultimately it allows NADH to be converted to NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue.
There are two main types of fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

54. Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation is found in Yeasts, and a few other microorganisms.
The equation is:
Pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Note: Carbon Dioxide is also produced, so when yeast conducts fermentation, there is the release of carbon dioxide as well as alcohol.

55. Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation diagram

56. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.
This conversion regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis to continue
The equation is:
Pyruvic acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+
Lactic acid fermentation is used by muscles when they run out of oxygen, ultimately causing soreness.
Lactic acid is also created by unicellular organisms in the production of cheese, pickles, kimchi and other foods.

57. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid fermentation diagram

58. Krebs Cycle
In the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide.

59. Krebs Cycle Where does it occur: Mitochondria
It requires oxygen – it is AEROBIC
It is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle

60. Krebs Cycle So far, from 1 glucose Glycolysis produced:
2 NADH and 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle produced:
8 NADH and 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP
Animation

61. Krebs Cycle What happens to the Krebs cycle products?
Carbon Dioxide is released to the atmosphere
ATP is used for cellular activities
NADH and FADH2 are used in the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP

62. Electron Transport Chain
Uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP

63. Electron Transport Chain
Where does it occur: Inner membrane of the Mitochondria
It requires oxygen – it is AEROBIC

64. Electron transport chain

65. Cellular Respiration totals
So far, from 1 glucose
Glycolysis: 2 ATP +
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP +
Electron Transport: 32 ATP
Totals: ATP from 1 glucose
This is 38% efficiency
The rest of the energy is released as heat

66. Energy use by humans Cells contains small amounts of ready ATP
About 5 seconds worth
After that, your body uses lactic acid formation
This lasts for about 90 seconds
You breathe hard to get rid of the lactic acid buildup
For exercise longer than 90 seconds, cellular respiration is used
This is a slow method to generate ATP
Glycogen (a form of carbohydrate) is used for the first minutes of cellular respiration
After that other molecules, such as fats, are broken down