1. Sustainable Aquaculture: Solving the Range of Challenges
Prof. Colin Moffat 1

2. A Global Industry
101.1 million tonnes (live weight) of fish, shellfish, aquatic plants and other aquatic animals produced in 2014
Challenges
Worth $166 billion or £102 billion in 2014
Bacterial and Viral disease
Parasites
Medicines
Pesticide use (inc co-culture)
Space, coastal locations
Biofouling of structures
Escapes
Toxins from algae
Climate change
Takes place in fresh water, salt water and brackish water
Dates back to 3,500 BC in China
Rich source of n-3 fatty acids
Required to fill the ‘protein gap’

3. Relative shares of Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries in Production and Consumption
Comparison of 2013 – 2015 (average) with Predictions for 2025
2025: Aquaculture will provide a greater proportion of the global fish production
2025: Aquaculture will provide a greater proportion of the global fish available for human consumption
FAO, 2016

4. 40 Year Production: Examples
Moffat (2016)

5. Aquaculture Production - Turkey
rainbow trout (53% of total aquaculture production) seabass (25%), sea- bream (17%), sea trout (4%) and new Mediterranean species (1%).
Seabass. A component of Turkish aquaculture
TurkStat, Accessed 16 Nov. 2016

6. Parasites and Disease
Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus spp.)
Existing and emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases (Amoebic gill disease; acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease of shrimp, red egg disease)
Impact of a changing climate?

7. Common Disease States and Parasites in Selected Fish
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and other salmonids - 161
European seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) – 142
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) – 92
1Moffat (2016); 2FAO; accessed 16 Nov.2016

8. Pesticides & Production: Norwegian Atlantic Salmon
Pesticide use
Salmon production
H2O2
H2O2

9. Potential Solutions
Reduce stress through changes to husbandry (e.g. clear ponds of weeds and predators before stocking)
Improved environmental conditions
Cooperation between farms within a geographically connected area
Marine planning – consider all human uses in an area
Bioremediation
Application of natural compounds (e.g. elatol as an antifoulant)
Novel treatments (e.g. warm water wash)
Improve the host resistance to disease (Vaccines, immunostimulants)
Natural predators (e.g. ballan wrasse, lumpfish, cunner, shrimp (Lysmata amboinensis))

10. Hit the water running Thank you
Solving issues in aquaculture require a multidisciplinary, international approach
Thank you