1. MOLECULAR GENETICS 2014 Výukový materiál GE 02 – 45
Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková
Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Jiří Foller
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
2014

2. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA a RNA DNA:
key importance for keeping and transfer of genetic information
structure of DNA discovered in 1957
J.D. Watson, Crick, R. Franklin, Wilkins

3. NUCLEIC ACIDS
nucleic acids are polymers > consist of connected nucleotides
nucleic acids = polynucleotides
the elementary structure unit of polynucleotide chain are nucleotides

4. STRUCTURE OF DNA

5. DNA DNA nucleotides contain: 1) deoxyribose
pentose (it contains 5 carbon atoms)
on the 2nd position the oxygen is absent
2) on the positions 3 and 5 phosphate groups are bound by a covalent bond
3) on the position 1 nitrogen base is bound
purine bases: adenine and guanine
pyrimidine bases: thymine and cytosine

6. nucleotid

7. DNA

8. NUCLEOTIDE

9. DNA
nucleotides organised behind each other in a particular order= sequence
a gene in DNA = characteristic sequence of nucleotides
sequence is written with the abbreviations of bases, e.g.:
5´ A A C T G C G A A T G C C C 3´
numbers 5´a 3´mean free endings of carbons on deoxyribose => orientation of the chain

10. DNA
the DNA molecule is formed by two anti-parallel polynucleotide chains wind up in a double helix
polynucleotide chains are connected by hydrogen bridges between bases
complementarity of bases:
A connected with T by two hydrogen bonds (bridges)
C connected with G by three hydrogen bonds
so called Chargaff rules

11. DNA very stable formation destruction of hydrogen bonds possible by:
high temperature 90 – 100°C
enzymes
action = denaturation of DNA
renaturation of DNA -> chilling down, complementary again

12. DNA DNA molecules in nuclei of eukaryotic cells: linear
DNA molecules in mitochondria, chloroplasts and in prokaryotic cells:
circular
in prokaryotic cells there are also small DNA molecules = plasmids

13. DESCRIBE THE PICTURE

14. SOURCES
KOČÁREK, Eduard. Genetika: obecná genetika a cytogenetika, molekulární biologie, biotechnologie, genomika. 2. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2008, 211 s. ISBN