1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior
Charles T. Blair-Broeker
Randal M. Ernst

2. Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 5
Motivation and Emotion

3. Motivation
Module 11

4. Introduction to Motivation
Module 11: Motivation

5. Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

6. Motivation
Play “What is Motivation?” (4:09) Segment #18 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

7. Historic Explanations: Instincts
Module 11: Motivation

8. Instinct
A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
William James listed 37 instincts.
Difficulty using instincts to both label and explain behaviors

9. Historic Explanations: Drives
Module 11: Motivation

10. Drives Aroused tension states created by imbalances
Prompt an organism to restore the balance, typically reducing the drive
Part of drive-reduction theory

11. Drive-Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Eating and drinking are examples of drive-reducing behaviors.

12. Drive-Reduction Theory

13. Drive-Reduction Theory

14. Drive-Reduction Theory

15. Biological Explanations: Arousal Theories
Module 11: Motivation

16. Arousal
Levels of alertness and responsiveness

17. Yerkes-Dodson Law
The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only up to a certain point
Optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task.
Each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintain.

18. Yerkes-Dodson Law

19. Biological Explanations: Homeostasis
Module 11: Motivation

20. Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Any change in levels, up or down, results in being motivated to bring the level back to normal.

21. Homeostatic Regulation

22. Homeostatic Regulation

23. Homeostatic Regulation

24. Homeostatic Regulation

25. Homeostatic Regulation

26. Homeostatic Regulation

27. Homeostatic Regulation

28. Homeostatic Regulation

29. Homeostatic Regulation

30. Cognitive Explanations: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Module 11: Motivation

31. Extrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment

32. Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

33. Clinical Explanations: Hierarchy of Needs
Module 11: Motivation

34. Abraham Maslow ( )
Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs

35. Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs begins at the base with physiological needs, and then proceeds through safety needs to psychological needs.
Higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs have been satisfied.

36. Self-Actualization
According to Maslow, the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential

37. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

38. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

39. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

40. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

41. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

42. Clinical Explanations: Achievement
Module 11: Motivation

43. Henry Murray ( )
Neo-Freudian who first established the concept of achievement motivation

44. Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment
A desire for the mastery of things, people, or ideas
A desire for attaining a high standard

45. Achievement Motivation
Play “Self-Efficacy” (5:00) Segment #19 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

46. Clinical Explanations: Motivating Ourselves and Others
Module 11: Motivation

47. Developing Self Motivation
Associate your high achievement with positive emotions
Connect your achievement with your efforts
Raise your expectations

48. Motivating Others Cultivate intrinsic motivation
Attend to individual motives
Set specific, challenging goals
Choose an appropriate leadership style
Task leadership
Social leadership

49. Task Leadership
Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention

50. Social Leadership
Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

51. Leadership and Persuasion
Play “The Power of Persuasion” (11:17) Segment #29 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition).

52. Hunger: A Closer Look
Module 11: Motivation

53. Physiology of Hunger
Module 11: Motivation

54. Glucose Form of sugar which circulates through the body
One feels hunger when the levels become low.

55. Insulin
Hormone which allows the body to use glucose for energy or fat production
As insulin levels increase, glucose levels decrease.

56. Leptin Protein produced by bloated fat cells
Send a message to “stop eating”

57. Orexin Hunger-triggering hormone Produced by the hypothalamus
As glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase and person feels hungry

58. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

59. Set Point
The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.
When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) may act to restore the lost weight.

60. Set Point

61. Environment and Hunger
Module 11: Motivation

62. External Incentives
Include the sight, sound, and smell of food

63. Cultural Influences on Eating
Cultural views on obesity can vary
Culture influences the foods we like and dislike.

64. Eating Disorders
Module 11: Motivation

65. Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which normal weight people suffer delusions of being overweight
Usually in adolescent females
May put themselves on self-starvation regimens
May become dangerously underweight

66. Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating
Usually overeat high calorie foods
Overeating is followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise

67. The End